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Global Systems The Biosphere Science 10 Science 10 1 2 The biosphere... Atmosphere • is the thin layer of earth that supports life. • is composed of three layers: • lithosphere (solid portion) • atmosphere (gas portion) • hydrosphere (water portion) Page 343 3 4 Atmosphere Atmosphere • About 80% nitrogen. • About 20% oxygen. • Less then 1% of other gases, such as CO , • In addition to gases, the atmosphere contains: • water vapour (usually considered part of 2 the hydrosphere) Ar, CH4, He. • atmospheric dust (living and non-living) 5 Atmosphere Layers 6 Troposphere • is the layer from the surface to an altitude of about 10 km. • Temperature decreases with altitude. • Most of the mass of atmospheric gasses is in the troposphere. • Only layer that can support life (as we know it). Page 345 7 8 Stratosphere Mesosphere • is the layer from 10 km to about 50 km. • Temperature increases with altitude. • Most atmospheric O (g) is here, and • is the layer from 50 km to about 80 km. • Temperature decreases with altitude. • Very thin atmosphere. • Almost considered space. 3 absorbs much solar radiation, especially UV radiation (which causes sun burns and melanoma). • Human activity has reduced O (g) levels. 3 9 Thermosphere 10 Lithosphere • is the layer from 80 km up. • Temperature increases with altitude. • Extremely thin atmosphere (essentially • is the solid part of the earth’s crust. • About 100 km thick. • “Floats” on a semi-fluid mantle • Is mostly warmed by the sun. • Slight warming from the mantle. none). • Usually considered space. 11 12 Lithosphere Hydrosphere • is all the water on earth. • Almost all (about 97%) is salt water in the oceans. • The rest is fresh water in lakes, rivers, and ice such as polar ice caps. • Is mostly warmed by the sun. 13 Components Interact 14 Weather • The various components of the biosphere, • … is the conditions of temperature, • Energy is transferred from one to the • Example: Today the weather might be the atmosphere, the lithosphere and the hydrosphere all interact. humidity, cloud cover, etc. at a particular place at a particular time. other. cloudy and cold, while tomorrow it might be warm and sunny. • The interactions effect things such as climate and weather. 15 16 Climate Your turn • … is the average weather conditions over a • Page 348: # 1 --> 10 long period of time. • Time is usually at least 30 years. • The weather today may be very different than the weather one year ago, but the climate is an average. 17 18 Climate affects life Climate affects life • Average population density of • NWT: about 0.04 people/km . • Alberta: about 5 people/km . • Indonesia: about 130 people/km . 2 • • Warmer climates support more people. • Alberta homes need to be able support a large mass of snow on the roof. • Tropical homes often need to withstand extreme rainfall. 2 2 19 People living in colder climates send more on fuel for heating, and adequate clothing is essential. 20 Climate and adaptation Climate and adaptation • Different organisms have adapted to different climates. • Plants and animals in Alberta need to be adapted to surviving long, cold winters. • Plants and animals in Alberta need to be adapted to surviving summers as well. 21 22 Climate change Weather vs. Climate • is a change that occurs over long periods of • Compare the average weather conditions time (several decades at a minimum). at a particular time of year (ie in April) to previous years. • This year might be very different than last year, but that is weather not climate. • But if those average conditions change over decades, then the climate is changing. 23 24 Evidence of change: Past climate • Anecdotal: reports from people about the • Indirect evidence can tell us about climate • Example: Farmers report that the growing • Accurate temperature records have only • Scientific: Data collected, often using • Anecdotal and indirect evidence can give weather and weather related events. long ago, even time before people. season starts earlier than it did years ago. been kept for about 150 years. instruments, that is accurate and unbiased. clues to temperature hundreds of years ago. 25 Past climate 26 Past climate 27 28 Climate change Climate change • Evidence suggests that the average temperature of the earth has risen quite rapidly over the last 200 years. 29 Climate change 30 Climate change • Climate is very complex, so determining • Increase in atmospheric CO (g) 2 why climate changes can be difficult. concentration matches increase in average global temperature. • Atmospheric CO (g) concentration is 2 considered the major cause. 31 32 Climate change cause Greenhouse Gas • CO (g) tends to trap heat in the 2 atmosphere. 33 Melting ice caps 34 Controversy 35 36