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AP Psychology: Learning Assessment Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the best answer. researcher compared the two groups of rats to determine if both groups would find the food at the end of the maze. According to the researcher, the untrained rats found the food at the end of the maze as quickly as the trained rats as a result of: a. latent learning b. observational learning c. avoidance learning d. counterconditioning e. aversive conditioning 1. Edward L. Thorndike argued that responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and that responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated. This became known as the law of a. reinforcement b. associations c. punishment d. effect e. outcomes 6. A researcher is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze. Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze they are rewarded with a pellet of food. Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze. Which of the following did the researcher use to teach the rats the maze? a. shaping b. generalization c. negative reinforcement d. a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement e. spontaneous recovery 2. The principles of operant conditioning are best illustrated by: a. exposing a client to anxiety-provoking stimuli b. replacing a response to a stimulus with an alternative response c. deep relaxation techniques d. a token economy to reinforce adaptive behaviors e. development of intrinsic motivation 7. Elizabeth picks up clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother’s repeated nagging. Elizabeth’s behavior is being influenced by: a. classical conditioning b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. extinction e. punishment 3. In phase one of a study, a researcher classically conditions a dog to salivate to the ringing of a bell. In the second phase, the researchers pair a flashing light with the ringing of the bell. After several pairings of the light and the bell, the dog will: a. no longer salivate when the bell is rung b. only salivate when the bell is rung c. salivate when the light is flashed d. stop salivating when the light is flashed e. salivate when the researcher comes into the room 8. A person eats a hamburger at a restaurant and develops a very bad stomachache after finishing eating. As a result of the sudden illness, the person cannot eat hamburgers anymore. Just thinking about them makes the person feel sick to the stomach. In this scenario, the thought of a hamburger is: a. an unconditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned stimulus d. a conditioned response e. a negative reinforcer 4. Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning? a. A biologically-based unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must immediately follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) for learning to occur. b. Any novel or familiar stimulus could serve as a CS because the biological mechanisms underlying learning are very powerful. c. Because all animals share a common cellular history, the laws of classical conditioning apply to all species. d. Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival. e. Biological reinforcers foster learning more quickly than do environmental reinforcers. 9. Which of the following is most likely to characterize the behavior of students who have high achievement motivation and are intrinsically motivated to play a musical instrument? a. If promised a reward for practicing a difficult piece of music selected by the teacher, they will practice more than if they selected the piece by themselves. 5. In a classic study, a group of rats learned to run through a maze to obtain food, and another group of rats explored the maze without receiving food. Some time later, the 1 b. If permitted to choose their own pieces of music, they will select very difficult ones that are beyond their present ability to play. c. If permitted to choose their own pieces of music, they will select easy pieces that they can master in one practice session. d. If permitted to choose their own pieces of music, they will select moderately difficult pieces that they can master if they practice them conscientiously. e. They will enjoy practicing the piano more if their parents promise them a reward for mastering each piano piece. e. Positive reinforcers are more effective than punishers. 14. Early behaviorists believed that psychology should NOT focus on “the mind” because “the mind” is: a. too complex b. genetically determined c. largely conscious d. unobservable e. environmentally determined 15. Rats in an experiment learned to associate sweetened water with a drug that causes immune suppression. Later the sweetened water alone produced the immune suppression. This outcome is an example of which of the following? a. learned helplessness b. systematic desensitization c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning e. biofeedback 10. John Garcia showed that when rats ingested a novel substance before becoming nauseated from radiation or drugs, they acquired a: a. conditioned taste preference for the substance b. generalized taste preference for similar substances c. conditioned taste aversion for the substance d. conditioned taste aversion for any novel substance e. conditioned taste preference for any novel substance 16. A teacher taught her students to take turns by giving them stars to trade for snacks at the end of the day. This technique is called: a. systematic desensitization b. token economy c. classical conditioning d. rational-emotive therapy e. free association 11. John B. Watson was a pioneer in which of the following perspectives of psychology? a. biological b. functionalism c. psychoanalytical d. structuralism e. behaviorism 12. After seeing her parents give her brother a dollar for cleaning his room, Sarah begins cleaning her own room. According to social-learning theorists, Sarah’s behavior is an example of which of the following? a. classical conditioning b. spontaneous recovery c. stimulus generalization d. discrimination training e. observational learning 17. Punishment a. Is a good way to increase a behavior as long as it is not used too frequently. b. May create problems in the short term but rarely produces long-term negative side effects. c. Is effective because it is a quick, direct way of informing the learner of what behavior is expected. d. May happen frequently because if the punished person stops misbehaving for a while this reinforces the punisher. e. Should never be used in the opinion of most psychologists. 13. Research indicates that many animals are more likely to associate sickness with a taste they experienced in conjunction with the illness than with a tone or light. This finding supports which of the following claims? a. The tone or light must not have been appropriately paired with the onset of illness. b. Illness is not necessarily punishing to subjects. c. Animals may be biologically prepared to learn some things over other things. d. Extrinsic reinforcers may be more effective than intrinsic reinforcers. 18. Which of the following is an application of shaping? a. a mother playing catch with her daughter gradually backs up to increase the distance between the two of them. b. A pigeon pecks a disk 25 times for an opportunity to receive a food reinforcement. c. A rat presses a bar when a green light is on but not when a red light is on. d. A rat gradually stops pressing a bar when it no longer receives a food reinforcement. 2 e. A gambler continues to play a slot machine even though he has won nothing on his last 20 plays. 23. To produce the acquisition of a conditioned response, one should a. repeatedly present an unconditioned response. b. administer the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. c. make sure that the conditioned stimulus comes at least one minute before the unconditioned stimulus. d. pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times. e. present the conditioned stimulus until it starts to produce an unconditioned response. 19. Mirror neurons may a. allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a conditioned response b. help produce intrinsic motivation in some children c. be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning d. produces the neural associations that are the basis of both classical and operant conditioning e. explain why modeling prosocial behavior is more effective than modeling negative behavior 24. To determine just what an organism can learn to distinguish, you would use a. generalization b. a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. c. a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. d. extinction e. a discriminative stimulus. 20. Which of the following illustrates generalization? a. A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded. b. A dog salivates to a tone but not to a buzzer. c. A light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when it’s turned on. d. A pigeon whose disk pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a skinner box three hours later and begins pecking the disk again. e. A child is startled when the door bell rings. 25. A student studies long and hard to avoid the bad feelings associated with a low grade on a test. In this case, the studying behavior is being strengthened because of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. delayed reinforcement. d. primary reinforcement. e. conditioned reinforcement. 21. Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll experiments demonstrated that a. children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults. b. there may be a correlation between televised violence and aggressive behavior, but it is probably not a causeeffect relationship. c. children are more likely to copy what adults say than what adults do. d. allowing children to watch too much television is detrimental to their development. e. observational learning can explain the development of fears in children. 26. Mary checks her phone a couple times an hour for incoming text messages. Her behavior is being maintained on a _____ reinforcement schedule. a. fixed interval. b. variable interval. c. variable ratio. d. fixed ratio. e. continuous. 22. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect a. establishes the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. b. shows that behavior maintained by partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than behavior maintained by continuous reinforcement. c. demonstrates how shaping can be used to establish operant conditioning. d. states that rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again. e. relates to the limited effectiveness of punishment. 27. A dog is trained to salivate when it hears a tone. Then the tone is sounded repeatedly without a US until the dog stops salivating. Later, when the tone sounds again, the dog salivates again. This is a description of a. spontaneous recovery. b. extinction. c. generalization. d. discrimination. e. acquisition. 28. Latent learning demonstrates that a. punishment is an ineffective means of controlling behavior. 3 b. negative reinforcement should be avoided when possible. c. cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning. d. conditioned reinforcers are more effective than primary reinforcers. e. shaping is usually not necessary for operant conditioning. c. salary adjustments based on the quality of work performed d. paying employees at the end of each day 35. The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made for each reward is called a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval 29. Classical and operant conditioning were both initially based on the principles of a. cognitive psychology. b. biological psychology. c. behaviorism. d. evolution. e. animal thought processes. 36. Once Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus b. neutral stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned response e. conditioned response 130. Your handsome successful boyfriend winks at you 4each time before he tells you "I love you." Your .expectation when he winks is a(an) .a. unconditional stimulus. b. conditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. unconditional response. 37. Shaping is a. pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completed b. rewarding behaviors that gets closer and closer to the desired goal behavior c. completing a set of behaviors in succession before a reward is given d. giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you will eat more carrots e. inhibition of new learning by previous learning 31. The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is a. extinction. b. fading. c. shaping. d. secondary reinforcement. 38. John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is he rewarded? a. continuous reinforcement b. fixed ratio c. fixed interval d. variable ratio e. variable interval 32. A child who occasionally gets rewarded with candy after asking her grandmother for a “treat” is being rewarded on a_____________________schedule. a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. partial interval 39. Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as a. primary reinforcers b. classical conditioning c. secondary reinforcers d. negative reinforcers e. unconditioned reinforcers 33. When you are first learning golf, you may hit one or two great shots in an entire round. You are being reinforced on what kind of partial reinforcement schedule? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable ratio d. variable interval 40. Which of the following best reflects negative reinforcement? a. Teresa is scolded when she runs through the house yelling. b. Lina is not allowed to watch television until after she has finished her homework. c. Greg changes his math class so he doesn't have to see his old girlfriend. d. Aditya is praised for having the best essay in the class. 34. A corporate pay policy comparable to a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is a. paying employees a fixed salary b. payment of employees on a piece-work basis 4 e. Alex takes the wrong medicine and gets violently ill afterwards. a. innate responses of an organism preventing new learning and associations b. unconscious meaning that is attributed to new response patterns c. response patterns that become extinguished gradually over time d. delayed responses that occur when new stimuli are paired with familiar ones e. learning that occurs in the absence of rewards 41. Watson and Rayner's classical conditioning of "Little Albert" was helpful in explaining that a. some conditioned stimuli do not generalize b. human emotions such as fear are subject to classical conditioning c. drug dependency is subject to classical as well as operant conditioning d. small children are not as easily conditioned as older children e. fear of rats and rabbits are innate responses previously undiscovered 47. Rats were more likely to learn an aversion to bright lights and noise with water if they were associated with electric shocks rather than with flavors or poisoned food. This illustrates a. insight b. preparedness c. extinction d. observational learning e. generalization 42. Jamel got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his friend's house. He didn't know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blamed his illness on the mushrooms, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for his taste aversion to mushrooms? a. pizza b. stomach virus c. mushrooms d. headache e. aversion to mushrooms 48. Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning? a. a rat learning to press a bar to get food b. dogs jumping over a hurdle to avoid electric shock c. fish swimming to the top of the tank when a light goes on d. pigeons learning to turn in circles for a reward e. studying hard for good grades on tests 43. If a previous experience has given your pet the expectancy that nothing it does will prevent an aversive stimulus from occurring, it will likely a. be motivated to seek comfort from you b. experience learned helplessness c. model the behavior of other pets in hopes of avoiding it d. seek out challenges like this in the future to disprove the expectation e. engage in random behaviors until one is successful in removing the stimulus 49. Spontaneous recovery refers to the a. reacquisition of a previously learned behavior b. reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period c. return of a behavior after punishment has ended d. tendency of newly acquired responses to be intermittent at first e. organism's tendency to forget previously learned responses, but to relearn them more quickly during a second training period 44. While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a chemistry problem you'd been working on several hours before. This is an example of a. insight b. backward conditioning c. latent learning d. discrimination e. the Premack Principle 50. Every time Baxter raised his hand in class, Mrs. Tulley called on him. What schedule of reinforcement is Baxter’s hand rising on? a. intermittent reinforcement b. fixed-interval c. continuous reinforcement d. fixed ratio e. variable ratio 45. If the trainer conditions the pigeon to peck at a red circle and then only gives him a reward if he pecks at the green circle when both a red and green circle appear, the pigeon is demonstrating a. matching-to-sample generalization b. abstract learning c. intrinsic motivation d. insight e. modeling 51. Timmy has just recently begun clearing his plate after he finishes his meal. Timmy’s mother really likes this new behavior and would like to see more of it. Which schedule of reinforcement should Timmy’s mother use to strengthen Timmy’s new behavior of clearing his plate? a. variable ratio b. intermittent reinforcement 46. Latent learning is best described by which of the following? 5 c. fixed ratio d. continuous reinforcement e. variable interval B. Provide a specific example of actions the Smith-Garcias might take to raise their child to produce positive outcomes using each of the theories below to address the corresponding psychological concept. Skinner’s operant conditioning: tantrum management Bandura’s social learning theory: sharing behavior Ainsworth’s attachment research: selfreliance Baumrind’s research on parenting styles: selfesteem PSYCHOLOGY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS Directions: Read the questions carefully and answer completely for full credit. It is not enough to answer a question by merely listing facts. You should present a cogent argument based on your critical analysis of the question posed, using appropriate psychological terminology. All responses must be answered in blue or black ink only. Q1 (10 pt): Learning has been heavily researched by psychologists. Three of the types of learning are Operant conditioning Classical conditioning Observational learning A. Explain the process by which each type of learning occurs, clearly discussing each component of the learning paradigm. B. Give an example of each type of learning from everyday life. C. Imagine you are a farmer who wants his cows to learn to come to a new feeding station— one they are unaccustomed to—when he honks his truck’s horn. Ainsworth’s attachment research Baumrind’s research on parenting styles Using the terms below, discuss how you might condition the cows to this new behavior. Shaping Extinction Negative reinforcement Discrimination Q2 (8 pt): The Smth-Garcias are planning for their first baby. Both parents-to-be have had a psychology course and are looking forward to applying the principles they learned from theories and research that address child development. A. Summarize one main idea or finding of each of the following four researchers: Skinner’s operant conditioning Bandura’s social learning theory 6