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http://www.youtuQDMbe.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5
Conditioning
Based on Classical Conditioning/Pavlovian - Dog
and bell experimentJohn B. Watson - Forget all
the hidden junk - how do people respond to
stimuli in the environment - Psychology should
be observable - Behaviorist perspective
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - The food
for the dog
Unconditioned response (UCR)- Unlearned
response to a stimulus - Dog salivating when
food is put into its mouth
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - Something that
causes a response because the behavior is
learned - The bell for the dog
Conditioned Response (CR) - A response due to a
stimuli that is learned from - Dog salivating when
it hears the bell Conditioned ='s Learned
Unconditioned ='s Unlearned
Extinction - If the CS is not paired UCS than
eventually the CR begins to die out
Spontaneous Recovery - If there is a rest
period and the CS is reintroduced would lead
to a weakened CR - The behavior was
suppressed but not eliminated
Generalization - If a similar stimulation
added it will cause a CR - Dog hears a
similar bell - A kid bitten by pit bull may
fear all dogs
Discrimination - The ability to distinguish
between a conditioned stimuli and a
irrelevant stimuli - Evolutionary reasons difference between seeing pit bull and a
golden retriever
Operant Conditioning - Associating behavior w/
consequences - thus they become more likely to
repeat rewarded (reinforced) behaviors and less likely
to repeat punished behaviors -
B. F. Skinner and the skinner box w/ rats - This is
how we can tell if dogs are color blind and if
babies can discriminate sound - taught teachers
to give gradual reinforcers
Shaping - Procedure by which reinforcers
gradually guide an animal's actions toward
desired behaviors - You see this w/ kids or
clinics
Classical Conditioning - the association between an
environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring
stimulus. Operant Conditioning - an association is
made between a behavior and a consequence for that
behavior.
Reinforcement - Any event that leads to an
increase in the frequency of response - Can be
anything - If you're amused when I yell at you you may do something to get me to yell at you
Positive Reinforcement - addition of a reinforcing
stimulus following a behavior that makes it more
likely that the behavior will occur again in the future
Example - You get an A on your brain quiz and Mr.
Hicks says "good job"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt4N9GSBoMI
Negative Reinforcement - response or behavior is
strengthened by stopping, removing or avoiding a
negative outcome or aversive stimulus - something being
subtracted from the situation
Example - Before heading out for a day at the beach,
Victor slathers on sunscreen in order to avoid getting
sunburned.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_9ZZaPDtPk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fn7-JZq0Yxs
Punishment - Any consequence that decreases the
frequency of preceding behavior - Opposite of
reinforcement - Swift & sure - can lead to
aggression, depression, & low self-esteem - it can
be effective in the right settings
Positive Punishment - presenting an unfavorable
outcome or event following an undesirable behavior
- An adverse stimulus is added to the situation
Example - Ashley's sister calls her during class and
she picks it up and gets a severe scolding from Mr.
Hicks and a nasty look from Quinn.
Negative Punishment - taking something good or
desirable away in order to reduce the occurrence
of a particular behavior - Punishment by removal
Anthony refuses to call his sister to wish her a
happy birthday and he has phone taken away.
Reinforcement schedules
- Reinforcement is not instant in the real world so
psychologists have to try to figure out a way to
achieve desired behaviors w/out constant rewards This is called partial (intermittent) rewards - ie slot
machines
A. Fixed ratio - Reinforce behavior after a set
number of responses - An employee gets money
after every 30 products are built - Taking breaks
decreases rewards
- unions don't like this
B. Variable ratio schedules - Reinforcers provided
after an unpredictable # of responses - Tends to
elicit a high rate of responses - Fishermen and slot
jockeys
C. Fixed interval schedules - Reinforce the 1st
response after a fixed time period - Checking to see
if the mail is there as time draws nearer - Pigeons
peck more as feeding time draws nearer
D. Variable interval schedules - Reinforce 1st
response after varying the intervals - Checking to
see if you have email - tends to get slow and
steady responses