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Transcript
7.3 Structures and Organelles 7.3 Structures & Organelles Division of Labor cells have a division of labor and contain special structures that work together to carry out life processes Internal Structure · eukaryotic cells are highly organized structures · surrounded by a membrane and contain membrane-bound organelles that perform specific functions · the organelles are anchored in the cytoplasm by the cytoskeleton - a network of protein fibers · ROLE: structural support and to help move organelles Organelles involved in Protein Production · much of the cell is devoted to making proteins · proteins are made of amino acids and have unique characteristics (size, polarity, acidity) · since proteins carry out critical functions, they need to be made correctly microtubules (long hollow tubes) - act as tracks for organelle movement...also help in cell division microfilaments (tiny threads) - enable cells to move, muscle contraction · cytoplasm fluid is know as cytosol and is mostly water Nucleus · the nucleus stores the DNA · DNA contains instructions for making proteins ROLE: Two major demands of the nucleus 1. DNA must be protected 2. information must be available · surrounded by double membrane called the nuclear envelope · nuclear envelope has holes called nuclear pores that are used for transport · most nuclei contain a small spherical area called a nucleolus (site where ribosomes are assembled form proteins and RNA) Ribosomes · ribosomes are tiny organelles that link amino acids together to make proteins · can be free or attached to ER · ROLE: manufactures proteins 7.3 Structures and Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) · the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) is an interconnected network of thin folded membranes · ROLE: modifies proteins and cellular pathways Rough ER covered with ribosomes makes the bulk of proteins and modifies them for export Smooth ER makes lipids breakdown toxins Golgi Apparatus · ROLE: processing, packaging, and secreting organelle of the cell · system of membrane stacks (like pancakes) · works with ER in modifying proteins Mitochondria Vesicles · vesicles - small membrane-bound sacs that divide materials in the cytoplasm and transport materials within the cell · ROLE: supply energy to the cell · processes your food energy into cellular energy your cells can use · bean shaped and has two membranes outer - barrier from cytosol inner - membrane is folded to increase surface area (cristae) · have their own ribosomes and DNA · cells that require more energy contain more mitochondria Lysosomes Vacuoles · fluid-filled organelles · ROLE: store water, food, inorganic ions, enzymes, and wastes · animal cell vacuoles are small · in plants they contain one very large vacuole (up to 90% of the cell) animal cell plant cell · small circular organelle · ROLE: contains collective enzymes that break down lipids, carbs, proteins, DNA and RNA, bacteria, viruses, and old cell parts · common in animals, fungi, protists...not usually in plants 7.3 Structures and Organelles Centrosomes and Centrioles · centrosomes ROLE: produce microtubules · in animal cells it contains two small structures called centrioles · centrioles - short microtubules that help with cell division · centrioles can also form cilia and flagella · · · · Cell Wall lies outside of cell membrane ROLE: support, protections, and shape found in algae, plants, and bacteria made of cellulose in plants and algae cell wall cell membrane Chloroplasts · photosynthesis reactions (solar energy --> food energy) · two membrane system and contain ribosomes and DNA · contain membrane stacks - thylakoids · contain chlorophyll (green) animal cells · centrioles · lysosomes · small vacuole lysosome plant cells · chloroplasts · cell wall · large vacuole large vacuole centrioles cell wall small vacuole chloroplasts