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BEHAVIORISM WHAT IS BEHAVIORISM? • The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns. • Behavior is the response of an organism to stimuli • Behavior is objective and observable • Behavioral psychology is the study of external behavioral • It was established with the publication of Watson’s classic paper “psychology as the Behaviorist views it” B.F. SKINNER (1904-1990) • American psychologist, author, inventor • U.S most influential behavioral scientist • He taught by reinforcement. He believed we are likely to continue what is rewarded. • He believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. • He believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and it consequences, this approach is called operant conditioning. FREEDOM IS A REQUISITE FOR HUMAN “ “IF HAPPINESS, THEN ALL THAT’S NECESSARY IS TO PROVIDE THE ILLUSION OF FREEDOM.” ― B.F. SKINNER ” OPERANT CONDITIONING • B.F. Skinner coined the term operant conditioning: it means changing of behavior by use of reinforcement which is given after a desired response. • Operant Conditioning is intentional actions that have an effect on the surrounding environment. • Operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner. This is also referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. • As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that it was not really necessary to look at internal thoughts and motivations in order to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. THREE TYPES OF RESPONSES OR OPERANT THAT CAN FOLLOW BEHAVIOR. • Neutral operant: responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of behavior being repeated. • Reinforcers: Response from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative. • Punishers: Responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens behavior. WHAT IS A REINFORCER? Any stimuli that increases the likelihood of a behavior POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCERS REINFORCEMENT Positive • Jerrica gives Kolton praise(positive • reinforce) for helping create this power point(behavior). • Kolton receives $10(positive reinforce) for every homework assignment he does for Jerrica(behavior). • Kolton gets a piece of candy(positive reinforce) every time he shares a good idea(behavior). negative Kolton gives Jerrica $5(negative reinforce) every time he doesn’t do his homework(behavior). This behavior is strengthened because he does not want to pay her $5. SKINNER BOX POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT IVAN PAVLOV • Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist known primarily known for his works on classical conditioning • He abandoned his religious career and devoted hos life to science. • He won a nobel prize, for his studies of digestive physiology. • He was famous for his explosive temper. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • Classical conditioning, aka Pavlovian or respondent conditioning is a learning process in which an innate response to a potent stimulus comes to be elicited in response to a previous neutral stimulus. • This is achieved by repeated pairings on a neutral stimulus with a potent stimulus. • Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: DEFINITIONS • Unconditional stimulus (US): a stimulus that has the ability to produce a specified response before conditioning(food). • Unconditional Response (UR): the response produced by the US. (Salvation produced by the food). • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an initially neutral stimulus that comes to produce a new response because it is associated with the US. • Conditioned Response (CR): the response produced by the CS. (Salvation produced by the bell). PAVLOV JIM CLASSICALLY CONDITIONS DWIGHT Unconditioned stimulus Jim offers Dwight a mint Unconditioned Response Dwight accepts the mint from Jim Conditioned Response Stimulus Computer sound Conditioned Response Dwight expects a mint TEST QUESTION Skinner is best known for: A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. Psychoanalysis D. Cognitive dissonance Answer: B.