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BEHAVIORISM
WHAT IS BEHAVIORISM?
• The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of
conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological
disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
• Behavior is the response of an organism to stimuli
• Behavior is objective and observable
• Behavioral psychology is the study of external behavioral
• It was established with the publication of Watson’s classic paper
“psychology as the Behaviorist views it”
B.F. SKINNER (1904-1990)
• American psychologist, author, inventor
• U.S most influential behavioral scientist
• He taught by reinforcement. He
believed we are likely to continue what
is rewarded.
• He believed that we do have such a
thing as a mind, but that it is simply
more productive to study observable
behavior rather than internal mental
events.
• He believed that the best way to
understand behavior is to look at the
causes of an action and it
consequences, this approach is called
operant conditioning.
FREEDOM IS A REQUISITE FOR HUMAN
“ “IF
HAPPINESS, THEN ALL THAT’S NECESSARY
IS TO PROVIDE THE ILLUSION OF
FREEDOM.”
― B.F. SKINNER
”
OPERANT CONDITIONING
• B.F. Skinner coined the term operant conditioning: it means changing of
behavior by use of reinforcement which is given after a desired response.
• Operant Conditioning is intentional actions that have an effect on the
surrounding environment.
• Operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner.
This is also referred to as Skinnerian conditioning.
• As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that it was not really necessary to look at
internal thoughts and motivations in order to explain behavior. Instead, he
suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human
behavior.
THREE TYPES OF RESPONSES OR
OPERANT THAT CAN FOLLOW
BEHAVIOR.
• Neutral operant: responses from the environment that
neither increase nor decrease the probability of behavior
being repeated.
• Reinforcers: Response from the environment that increase
the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers
can be either positive or negative.
• Punishers: Responses from the environment that decrease
the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment
weakens behavior.
WHAT IS A REINFORCER?
Any stimuli that increases the likelihood of a behavior
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
REINFORCERS
REINFORCEMENT
Positive
• Jerrica gives Kolton praise(positive •
reinforce) for helping create this
power point(behavior).
• Kolton receives $10(positive
reinforce) for every homework
assignment he does for
Jerrica(behavior).
• Kolton gets a piece of
candy(positive reinforce) every time
he shares a good idea(behavior).
negative
Kolton gives Jerrica $5(negative
reinforce) every time he doesn’t do
his homework(behavior).
This behavior is strengthened because
he does not want to pay her $5.
SKINNER BOX
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
IVAN PAVLOV
• Ivan Pavlov was a
Russian physiologist
known primarily known
for his works on
classical conditioning
• He abandoned his
religious career and
devoted hos life to
science.
• He won a nobel prize,
for his studies of
digestive physiology.
• He was famous for his
explosive temper.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• Classical conditioning, aka Pavlovian or respondent conditioning is a
learning process in which an innate response to a potent stimulus comes to
be elicited in response to a previous neutral stimulus.
• This is achieved by repeated pairings on a neutral stimulus with a potent
stimulus.
• Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the
school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:
DEFINITIONS
• Unconditional stimulus (US): a stimulus that has the ability to produce a
specified response before conditioning(food).
• Unconditional Response (UR): the response produced by the US. (Salvation
produced by the food).
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): an initially neutral stimulus that comes to produce
a new response because it is associated with the US.
• Conditioned Response (CR): the response produced by the CS. (Salvation
produced by the bell).
PAVLOV
JIM CLASSICALLY CONDITIONS DWIGHT
 Unconditioned stimulus
Jim offers Dwight a mint
 Unconditioned Response
Dwight accepts the mint from Jim
 Conditioned Response Stimulus
Computer sound
 Conditioned Response
Dwight expects a mint
TEST QUESTION
Skinner is best known for:
A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Psychoanalysis
D. Cognitive dissonance
Answer: B.