Download Exam 2 Review Sheet - Iowa State University

Exam 2 Review
Energetics & Molecular Genetics
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University
Leader:
Course:
Instructor:
Date:
1.) Vocabulary Review- Match the Terms & Definitions:
A. Lactase ______
a.
B. Potential Energy ______
b.
C. Kinetic Energy ______
c.
D. First law of Thermodynamics ______
d.
E. Second law of Thermodynamics ______
F. Phosphorylation ______
e.
G. Endergonic ______
f.
H. Exergonic ______
g.
I. Water ______
h.
J. Photosynthesis Equation ______
K. Cellular Respiration Equation ______
i.
L. DNA Polymerase ______
M. Replication Bubble _____
j.
N. Helicase ____
k.
O. Topoisomerase ____
P. Primase ______
l.
Q. Okazaki Fragments ______
m.
R. DNA Ligase ______
S. Krebs Cycle ______
n.
T. Aerobic Respiration _____
o.
U. Allosteric Regulation ____
p.
V. Electron Transport Chain __
q.
W. The final electron acceptor__
X. Anaerobic Respiration ____
r.
Y. Feedback Inhibition ______
Z. Irreversible inhibition ____
s.
AA.
Glycolysis ______
t.
u.
v.
w.
x.
y.
z.
aa.
Caleb I.
BIOL 212
Dr. Kukday
2/19/2017
Energy associated with motion
Energy(heat) cannot be created or destroyed
Adding a phosphate group to a molecule
A reaction that stores energy from the
atmosphere
Energy that is stored
A reaction that releases energy to the atmosphere
Enzyme that processes lactose
Transformation of energy from one form to
another increases entropy
Enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds
between DNA strands
Enzyme that cuts and rejoins the DNA
Enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments
together
Sugar + O2  H2O + CO2
Fragments of DNA found on the lagging strand
of DNA
The enzyme that catalyzes DNA synthesis
H2O + CO2  Sugar + O2
Enzyme that is a type of RNA polymerase
Term that describes the opening where
duplication in both directions takes place
The electron donor in the thylakoid electron
transport chain
Binding to the enzyme at a spot different from
the active site to control activity
O2
Respiration done in the presence of oxygen
Blocking an enzyme as a result of feedback
The process that turns acetyl CoA into NADH
and FADH2
This process happens outside the mitochondria
and turns glucose into pyruvate
Inhibition that requires making a new enzyme to
resume the process
Process where most of the ATP is actually
produced in the mitochondria
Creating ATP in the absence of oxygen
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2.) Which of the following statements regarding energy is true?
A. Potential energy represents the energy of motion.
B. Kinetic energy represents the stored energy, such as chemical bonds.
C. The first law of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
D. The second law of energy states that the transformation of energy must decrease
entropy.
3.) What does ATP stand for?
A. Adenosine triphosphate
B. Adenine triphosphate
C. Adenosine trans-phosphate
D. Adenine trans-phosphate
4.) What word refers to a reaction that releases energy?
A. Exergonic
B. Endergonic
C. Intergonic
D. Intragonic
5.) Enzymes are usually which biological molecule?
A. Lipid
B. Protein
C. Carbohydrate
D. Nucleic Acid
6.) An enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction by:
A. increasing the energy of the reaction.
B. lowering the energy of the products.
C. lowering the activation energy.
D. raising the energy of the products.
7.) Which of the following statements regarding enzyme regulation is false?
A. Activators turn “on” an enzyme.
B. Competitive inhibitors permanently turn “off” an enzyme.
C. Enzymes can be inhibited at the active site or at an allosteric site.
D. In feedback inhibition, the products of a series of reactions inhibit an earlier step
to prevent over accumulation of a product.
8.) What is the overall energy yield of a single glycolysis cycle?
A. 0 ATP, 2 NADH
B. 2 ATP, 2 NADH
C. 4 ATP, 4 NADH
D. 4 ATP, 0 NADH
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9.) ______ is the typical carbon starting material of glycolysis, and ______ is the product.
A. Lipids; Acetyl CoA
B. Glucose; Pyruvate
C. Fructose; Acetaldehyde
D. Glucose; Oxaloacetate
10.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
What type of fermentation occurs in animal cells in the absence of oxygen?
Lactic acid (lactate) fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
Galactic fermentation
None of these; fermentation can only occur in yeast cells.
11.)
Which of the steps of cellular respiration is incorrectly matched with its location
for eukaryotes?
A. Glycolysis – Cytoplasm
B. Pyruvate processing – Mitochondrial matrix
C. Citric acid cycle – Plasma membrane of mitochondria
D. Oxidative phosphorylation – Inner membrane of mitochondria
12.)
Which of the following is false regarding oxidative phosphorylation?
A. Carbon monoxide is the final electron acceptor of the ETC; it is reduced to form
carbon dioxide and water.
B. The ETC and ATP synthesis are coupled; that is, one process cannot happen
without the other occurring as well.
C. One way to measure ATP synthesis is by using a radioactive ADP precursor and
checking for the appearance of labelled ATP.
D. DNP acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.
13.)
You are performing an experiment on enzymes & inhibitors; you time the enzyme
without the inhibitor and notice it takes 8 seconds for the reaction to go to completion.
You then time the enzyme with an inhibitor and notice it takes 20 seconds to go to
completion. What kind of inhibitor are you testing?
A. Competitive
B. Noncompetitive
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14.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is true about the following graph?
It is exergonic & will occur spontaneously
It is exergonic & will not occur spontaneously
It is endergonic & will occur spontaneously
It is endergonic & will not occur spontaneously
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which of the following statements regarding chlorophyll is true?
Chlorophyll absorbs green light the best; this is why we see plants as green.
Chlorophyll absorbs all light except for green light
Chlorophyll absorbs light at all wavelengths of the visible spectrum.
The tail region of chlorophyll has no known function.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which of the following statements regarding photosystems is false?
There are two different photosystems in plants.
Electrons flow from Photosystem I to Photosystem II via an ETC.
Electrons that reach a high reducing potential come from the splitting of water.
Photosystems are effectively a group of organized chlorophyll molecules.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which of the following is not a product of the light reactions?
NADH
ATP
FADH2
O2 (molecular oxygen)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
Thylakoid membrane
Cytoplasm
Stroma
Granum
15.)
16.)
17.)
18.)
19.)
T/F competitive inhibitors bind the active site of an enzyme while noncompetitive
inhibitors bind an allosteric site
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20.)
If cyanide is added to a cell, will NADH and FADH2 be oxidized in the electron
transport chain?
A. NADH will but FADH2 won’t
B. NADH won’t but FADH2 will
C. Both will
D. Neither will
21.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
What products of pyruvate breakdown are used in the citric acid cycle?
ATP
CO2
Acetyl
NADH
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which step of glucose breakdown produces the most ATP?
Glycolysis
Pyruvate breakdown
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
22.)
23.)
T/F the Calvin Cycle converts CO2 to O2
24.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
What product of the light reactions is used by the Calvin Cycle?
O2
ATP
NADH
a&b
b&c
All of the above
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which of the following is true regarding DNA Polymerase?
It can synthesize DNA in both the 5’3’ and 3’5’ directions.
It can only synthesize DNA in the 3’5’ direction.
It can only synthesize DNA in the 5’3’ direction.
DNA Polymerase does not require a primer to start synthesis.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The replication fork is:
the Y-shaped region where the DNA is split into two separate strands for copying
growing as DNA replication proceeds because synthesis is bidirectional
the location at which the replication process begins
present only in bacterial cells and not in eukaryotes
25.)
26.)
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27.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which enzyme is correctly matched with its function?
Helicase – reforms the double helix following replication
Primase – removes primers following DNA synthesis
Topoisomerase – relieves tension downstream from the replication fork
Ligase – separates the two DNA strands to prepare for synthesis
28.)
What enzyme removes the RNA primer from the beginning of each Okazaki
fragment?
A. DNA Polymerase I
B. DNA Polymerase II
C. DNA Polymerase III
D. DNA Ligase
29.)
If the sequence 5’-ATCAAGCATTCA-3’ were replicated, what strand would be
formed?
A. 5’-ATCAAGCATTCA-3’
B. 5’-TAGTTCGTAAGT-3’
C. 5’-ACTTACGAACTA-3’
D. 5’-TGAATGCTTGAT-3’
30.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
31.)
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
A. The genotype is the proteins that are produced; the phenotype is the proteins that
are absent that should be produced.
B. The genotype is the sequence of bases present; the phenotype is the proteins that
these sequences produce.
C. The genotype is the proteins produced that do not have effect the organism; the
phenotype is proteins that affect an organism’s outward appearance.
D. The genotype and phenotype are different words that describe the same thing.
32.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
33.)
What correctly represents the central dogma?
DNA  mRNA  Protein
DNA  tRNA  mRNA  Protein
mRNA  DNA  tRNA
mRNA  tRNA  Protein
A codon is made up of how many bases?
2
3
5
Codons vary in the number of bases they are made of.
What happens to the electron as it moves from PSII to PSI?
A. Gains energy
B. Loses energy
C. Energy stays the same
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34.)
What will be the newly synthesized strand if 5’-ATCCGAGTT-3’ is the template
for DNA replication?
A. 5’-TAGGCTCAA-3’
B. 5’-AACTCGGAT-3’
C. 3’-ATCCGAGTT-5’
D. 3’-UAGGCUCAA-5’
35.)
Which enzyme is responsible for relieving tension brought on by supercoiling
ahead of the replication fork?
A. Helicase
B. Topoisomerase
C. Primase
D. Polymerase
E. Ligase
If this is the DNA coding strand, what is the mRNA transcript? 3’-TAGGCATT-
36.)
5’
A.
B.
C.
D.
37.)
5’-AUCCGUAA-3’
3’-AUCCGUAA-5’
3’-UAGGCAUU-5’
5’-UAGGCAUU-3’
T/F One gene encodes one protein
38.)
The start codon binds a tRNA carrying the amino acid methionine, what amino
acid charged tRNA does a stop codon bind?
A. Methionine
B. Arginine
C. Cysteine
D. None of the above, a stop codon doesn’t bind a charged tRNA, it binds a release
factor
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39.)
Can you distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions? ----- Draw the
energy graph for both an endergonic and exergonic reaction. Label the axes accordingly:
Dr. Kukday’s “Can You?” Questions (Highlighted ones are addressed in this worksheet, you will
need to address the ones that aren’t highlighted on your own time):
Energetics:
1.) Can you apply the concepts of chemical energy and energy states in explaining the
functions of ATP and of enzymes in cellular chemistry?
2.) Can you describe the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
3.) Can you determine whether a reaction is spontaneous or not based on free energy values?
4.) Can you distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions?
5.) Can you illustrate the vital role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism?
6.) Can you predict the effects of a block in one step of a metabolic pathway on the series of
reactions after that step (given a series of steps)?
7.) Can you apply the concepts of chemical energy and energy states in explaining the
functions of ATP and of enzymes in cellular chemistry?
8.) Can you describe the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?
9.) Can you determine whether a chemical reaction is spontaneous or not based on free
energy change values?
10.)
Can you distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions?
11.)
Can you illustrate the vital role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism?
12.)
Can you predict the effects of a block in one step of a metabolic pathway on the
series of reactions after that step (given the series of steps)?
Paralysis Case:
1.) Can you identify types of enzyme regulation (emphasis on feedback inhibition)?
2.) Can you predict the consequences of mutations in an enzyme that is part of a metabolic
pathway?
1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center  515-294-6624  [email protected]  http://www.si.iastate.edu
3.) Can you compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways with respect to differences
in products and energy intermediates produced?
4.) Can you identify the role of energy rich intermediates and electron acceptors at different
stages in respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Ox Phos)?
5.) Can you identify treatment options for PDCD based on knowledge of the reactions
catalyzed by PDH and the aerobic respiration pathway as a whole?
DNP Case:
1.) Can you illustrate the steps that lead to the ultimate production of ATP at the inner
mitochondrial membrane?
2.) Can you identify or predict the effect of inhibitors of Ox Phos?
3.) Can you differentiate between the mechanism of action of these inhibitors of Ox Phos?
(discussed in next class)
4.) Explain the connection between the effect of inhibition of Ox Phos with the symptoms
that a person who consumes the inhibitors will experience?
Photosynthesis:
1.) Can you describe the relationship between light reactions and Calvin cycle reactions?
2.) Can you compare and contrast photosynthesis with cellular respiration?
Genetics:
1.) Can you analyze data and draw conclusions from key experiments that led to the
discovery of the genetic material in a cell?
2.) Can you identify components of DNA structure and characteristics of the DNA
molecule?
3.) Can you distinguish between replication of the leading and lagging strand?
4.) Can you explain the role of the different proteins involved in each step of DNA
replication?
5.) Can you illustrate the central dogma in molecular biology?
6.) Can you describe the properties of the genetic code?
7.) Can you transcribe and translate a DNA sequence?
1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center  515-294-6624  [email protected]  http://www.si.iastate.edu