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Download Powerpoint for chapters 17-20 of Campbell Biology by Emily Diamond
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Unit 4: Genes, Viruses, and Biotech Powerpoint for chapters 17-20 of Campbell Biology by Emily Diamond Chapter 17: Gene to Protein ! Gene Expression ! the relationship between genes ! proposed by Archibald Garrod ! demonstrated by Beadle and Tatum Chapter 17: Gene to Protein Chapter 17: Gene to Protein Chapter 17: Gene to Protein ! Revisions to Beadle and Tatum s gene definition ! not all proteins are enzymes ! many genes code for RNA Chapter 17: Gene to Protein Chapter 17: Gene to Protein ! Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation ! Transcription ! Translation ! DNA needs a translator ! DNA is read in codons ! the universality of the code? ! template strand vs. the coding strand Chapter 17: Gene to Protein Chapter 17: Gene to Protein Chapter 17: Gene to Protein Chapter 17: Gene to Protein Chapter 17: Gene to Protein ! Eukaryotic mRNA modifications ! 5 cap and polyadenylation ! splicing ! introns and exons Chapter 17: Gene to Protein ! Translation requires four things: ! mRNA ! amino acids ! ribosomes ! tRNA Chapter 17: Gene to Protein Chapter 17: Gene to Protein ! Translation has three steps ! initiation ! elongation ! termination Chapter 17: Gene to Protein Chapter 17: Gene to Protein Chapter 17: Gene to Protein Chapter 17: Gene to Protein ! the Polypeptide has been complete. we re done! ! WRONG! ! Proteins must be folded and can be posttranslationally modified Chapter 17: Gene to Protein ! Polypeptides can be sent to specific locations mid-translation Chapter 17: Gene to Protein ! Nucleotide mutations can affect polypeptides ! point mutations ! nucleotide pair substitution ! ! missense vs. nonsense nucleotide pair insertion or deletion Chapter 17: Gene to Protein ! Let s Review Chapter 18: Gene Expression Regulation ! Bacterial Gene Expression is often Regulated through Operons ! Operons - consist of an operator, promoter, and an entire stretch of DNA with more than one gene on it ! Two types of operons: repressible and inducible ! We will look at two examples: the Trp Operon and the Lac Operon Chapter 18: Gene Expression Regulation ! The Trp Operon Chapter 18: Gene Expression Regulation ! The Lac Operon Chapter 18: Gene Expression Regulation ! Eukaryotic Gene Expression Regulation can occur at many steps. ! why can t this happen in bacteria? Chapter 18: Gene Expression Regulation ! Regulation of Chromatin Structure ! location of promoter relative to nucleosomes ! location of promoter relative to scaffolding and attachment to lamina ! chemical modifications Chapter 18: Gene Expression Regulation ! Regulation of Transcription Initiation Chapter 18: Gene Expression Regulation ! RNA Splicing ! mRNA Degradation ! Translation initiation Chapter 18: Gene Expression Regulation ! Protein Processing and Degradation Chapter 18: Gene Expression Regulation ! Cancer can result as a breakdown of any of these control steps ! oncogenes and proto-oncogenes ! tumor-supressor genes ! specific examples: ras, p53 ! multistep model ! inherited predisposition and other factors Chapter 19: Viruses ! Structure of Viruses: nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat, sometimes surrounded by an envelope ! SOME VIRUSES INFECT BACTERIA: PHAGES some viruses have envelopes Chapter 19: Viruses ! Viruses can only reproduce inside a host Chapter 19: Viruses ! Bacteriophages can replicate two different ways Chapter 19: Viruses ! ! How do bacteria defend themselves? ! bacteria can often identify the virus as foreign ! lysogeny How can we fight viruses ! the extent of the damage a virus can cause depends on a tissues ability to regenerate. example: common cold vs polio ! medicine Chapter 19: Viruses ! Emergent Viruses ! mutations of current viruses ! dissemination form a small isolated population (AIDS) ! spread of existing viruses from other animals Chapter 19: Viruses ! ! Viral Diseases in Plants ! horizontal vs. vertical transfer ! viroids Prions ! huge incubation periods ! virtually indestructible Chapter 20: Biotech ! Terms ! recombinant DNA ! biotechnology ! genetic engineering Chapter 20: Biotech ! DNA Cloning ! most common approach uses bacteria (E. coli) ! because bacteria have plasmids ! basic idea Chapter 20: Biotech ! How Gene Cloning happens: restriction enzymes ! very specific ! a specific example: Chapter 20: Biotech ! Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ! A 3 step cycle ! heating to denature and separate ! cooling to anneal ! extension of DNA primers with a heat-stable DNA polymerase Chapter 20: Biotech ! 20.2 will be covered in lab. ! 20.3 will be covered by your reading! Chapter 20: Biotech ! Practical Applications ! ! Medical Applications ! Disease Treatment and Diagnosis ! Gene Therapy ! Pharmaceutical Products Forensic Applications Chapter 20: Biotech ! Practical Applications ! Environmental Applications Credits and Copyright ! Information taken from Biology, 9th edition by Campbell, Reece, et al.. ! ! Compiled and formatted for AP Biology by Emily Diamond All images Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings