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Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Gametes have half the number of chromosomes that body cells have.
VOCABULARY
somatic cell
autosome
fertilization
gamete
sex chromosome
diploid
homologous chromosome sexual reproduction
haploid
meiosis
MAIN IDEA: You have body cells and gametes.
1. What are the two major groups of cell types in the human body?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Where are gametes located?
_______________________________________________________________
3. How many chromosomes are in a typical human body cell?
_______________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Your cells have autosomes and sex chromosomes.
Fill in the concept map below to summarize what you know about chromosomes.
46 chromosomes in
human body cells
include
sex chromosomes
include
7.
include
half
come
from
4.
5.
6.
include
consist of
8.
22 homologous pairs
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
1
Meiosis and Mendel
Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis
Study Guide B continued
9. What is the sex of a person with two X chromosomes?
_______________________________________________________________
10. Which chromosome carries the fewest number of genes?
_______________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Body cells are diploid; gametes are haploid.
11. What happens to the nuclei of the egg and sperm during fertilization?
_______________________________________________________________
12. What type of cells are haploid?
_______________________________________________________________
13. What is the haploid chromosome number in humans?
_______________________________________________________________
14. How many autosomes are present in each human gamete? How many sex
chromosomes?
_______________________________________________________________
15. Complete the following table to summarize the differences between mitosis
and meiosis.
Mitosis
Meiosis
Makes diploid cells
Makes genetically unique cells
Happens throughout lifetime
Involved in sexual reproduction
Vocabulary Check
16. What are homologous chromosomes?
_______________________________________________________________
17. The word soma means “body.” How does this relate to the meanings of
autosome and somatic cell?
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
2
Meiosis and Mendel
Section 1: Chromosomes and Meiosis
Section 2: Process of Meiosis
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
During meiosis, diploid cells undergo two cell divisions that result in haploid
cells.
VOCABULARY
gametogenesis
egg
sperm
polar body
MAIN IDEA: Cells go through two rounds of division in meiosis.
1. After a chromosome is replicated, each half is called a ___________.
2. Two chromosomes that are very similar and carry the same genes are called
___________.
In the space below, sketch the phases of meiosis I and II and write the name of
each phase below it. Use Figure 2.3 to help you.
Meiosis I
3.
4.
6.
5.
Meiosis II
7.
8.
9.
10.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
3
Meiosis and Mendel
Section 2: Process of Meiosis
Study Guide B continued
11. During which phase do homologous chromosomes separate?
_______________________________________________________________
12. During which phase do sister chromatids separate?
_______________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Haploid cells develop into mature gametes.
13. What does a sperm cell contribute to an embryo?
_______________________________________________________________
14. What does an egg contribute to an embryo?
_______________________________________________________________
15. Where are polar bodies made, in the male or in the female?
_______________________________________________________________
Complete the diagram of gametogenesis in the boxes below. Use Figure 2.4 to
help you.
Sperm Formation
Egg Formation
Vocabulary Check
16. Genesis comes from a Greek word that means “to be born.” How does this
relate to the meaning of gametogenesis?
_______________________________________________________________
17. What is a polar body?
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
4
Meiosis and Mendel
Section 2: Process of Meiosis
Section 2: Structure of DNA
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
DNA structure is the same in all organisms.
VOCABULARY
nucleotide
base pairing rules
double helix
MAIN IDEA: DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides.
In the space below, draw a nucleotide and label its three parts using words and
arrows.
1. How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Which parts are the same in all nucleotides? Which part is different?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
5
From DNA to Proteins
Section 2: Structure of DNA
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: Watson and Crick developed an accurate model of DNA’s threedimensional structure.
3. What did Franklin’s data reveal about the structure of DNA?
_______________________________________________________________
4. How did Watson and Crick determine the three-dimensional shape of DNA?
_______________________________________________________________
5. How does DNA base pairing result in a molecule that has a uniform width?
_______________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Nucleotides always pair in the same way.
6. What nucleotide pairs with T? with C?
_______________________________________________________________
In the space below, draw a DNA double helix. Label the sugar-phosphate
backbone, the nitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen bonds.
Vocabulary Check
7. Explain how the DNA double helix is similar to a spiral staircase.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
8. How do the base pairing rules relate to Chargaff ’s rules?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
6
From DNA to Proteins
Section 2: Structure of DNA
Section 3: DNA Replication
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell.
VOCABULARY
replication
DNA polymerase
MAIN IDEA: Replication copies the genetic information.
1. What is DNA replication?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Where does DNA replication take place in a eukaryotic cell?
_______________________________________________________________
3. When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle?
_______________________________________________________________
4. Why does DNA replication need to occur?
_______________________________________________________________
5. What is a template?
_______________________________________________________________
6. If one strand of DNA had the sequence TAGGTAC, what would be the
sequence of the complementary DNA strand?
_______________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Proteins carry out the process of replication.
7. What roles do proteins play in DNA replication?
_______________________________________________________________
8. What must be broken for the DNA strand to separate?
_______________________________________________________________
9. Why is DNA replication called semiconservative?
_______________________________________________________________
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Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
7
From DNA to Proteins
Section 3: DNA Replication
Study Guide B continued
Use words and diagrams to summarize the steps of replication, in order, in the
boxes below.
10.
_______________
_______________
11.
12.
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
MAIN IDEA: REPLICATION IS FAST AND ACCURATE.
13. Human chromosomes have hundreds of _________________, where the DNA
is unzipped so replication can begin.
14. DNA polymerase has a __________________ function that enables it to detect
errors and correct them.
Vocabulary Check
15. Explain what DNA polymerase is by breaking the word into its parts.
_______________________________________________________________
16. Write a short analogy to explain what replication is.
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
8
From DNA to Proteins
Section 3: DNA Replication
Section 4: Transcription
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule.
VOCABULARY
central dogma
messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transcription
transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA polymerase
MAIN IDEA: RNA carries DNA’s instructions.
Label each of the processes represented by the arrows in the diagram below.
Write where each of these processes takes place in a eukaryotic cell in
parentheses.
1. _______________
DNA
RNA
2. _______________
_______________
Proteins
3. _______________
_______________
____________
Fill in the table below to contrast DNA and RNA.
DNA
RNA
4. Contains the sugar deoxyribose
5.
Has the bases A, C, G, and U
6. Typically double-stranded
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
9
From DNA to Proteins
Section 4: Transcription
Study Guide B continued
MAIN IDEA: Transcription makes three types of RNA.
7. What enzyme helps a cell to make a strand of RNA?
_______________________________________________________________
8. Summarize the three key steps of transcription.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
9. Write the basic function of each type of RNA in the chart below.
Type of RNA
Function
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
MAIN IDEA: The transcription process is similar to replication.
10. List two ways that the processes of transcription and replication are similar.
_______________________________________________________________
11. List two ways that the end results of transcription and replication differ.
_______________________________________________________________
Vocabulary Check
12. How does the name of each type of RNA tell what it does?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
13. What is transcription?
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
10
From DNA to Proteins
Section 4: Transcription
Section 5: Translation
Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein.
VOCABULARY
translation
stop codon
codon
start codon
anticodon
MAIN IDEA: Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.
1. What is translation?
_______________________________________________________________
2. What is a codon?
_______________________________________________________________
3. Would the codons in Figure 5.1 be found in a strand of DNA or RNA?
_______________________________________________________________
4. What is a reading frame?
_______________________________________________________________
Refer to Figure 5.1 to complete the table below.
Codon
Amino Acid or Function
5. AGA
6. UAG
7.
tryptophan (Trp)
8. GGA
MAIN IDEA: Amino acids are linked to become a protein.
9. _______________ and _______________ are the tools that help a cell
translate an mRNA message into a polypeptide.
10. The _______________ subunit of a ribosome holds onto the mRNA strand.
11. The _______________ subunit of a ribosome has binding sites for tRNA.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
11
From DNA to Proteins
Section 5: Translation
Study Guide B continued
12. A tRNA molecule is attached to an _______________ at one end and has an
_______________ at the other end.
Fill in the cycle diagram below to outline the steps of translation.
Ribosome assembles on
start codon of mRNA
strand.
A.
B.
C.
When the ribosome
encounters a stop
codon, it falls apart and
the protein is released.
Vocabulary Check
13. What are AGG, GCA, and GUU examples of?
_______________________________________________________________
14. What is a set of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary
to an mRNA codon?
_______________________________________________________________
15. What do codons code for in addition to amino acids?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide B
12
Meiosis and Mendel
Section 6: Meiosis and Genetic Variation