Download Lecture 6

2/19/2014
EDU501 : LECTURE 6
OPERANT CONDITIONING THE A‐B‐C MODEL legacee.com
Operant Conditioning:
Skinner Box
A matter of training using rewards and punishments. In this system a correct
system a correct behavior results in a reward of food and an incorrect behavior triggers a punishment of an electric shock.
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is simply
learning from the
consequences of your behavior
marysbiologypage.blogspot.com
Operant Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
– learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its positive or negative consequences
positive or negative consequences
• Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Key Aspects of Operant Conditioning
• In operant conditioning, the stimulus is
a cue, it does not elicit the response
• Operant responses are voluntary
– responses that are satisfying are more likely to be repeated, and those that are not satisfying are less likely to be repeated
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Key Terms of Operant Conditioning
• Reinforcement is any
procedure that increases
the response
• Punishment is any procedure
that decreases the response
Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment
• Positive Reinforcer
– added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
Teacher: Who can define the word culture for us?
Mere : Culture is our way of life.
Teacher : Good Mere. That is correct. ( positive reinforcement) Negative Reinforcer
– unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will occur again in the future
Teacher : Arti, Tomu, Aliti and Ram ..you have not done your homework so you will not go out for recess..instead
d you will stay in the classroom and do ll
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dd
your homework .
“One has to do their homework to avoid staying in the classroom during recess.”
What has been taken away from the students? Will it increase or decrease the desired ( doing homework) behaviour? NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced by
removal of a stimulus.
The word "negative" does not mean "unpleasant." It means a
stimulus is removed or "subtracted" from the situation as a form
of reinforcement.
Negative reinforcement negative refers to something
unpleasant, It is not a form of punishment. Negative
reinforcement is a form of reinforcement. It increases the
frequency or probability of a behavior by "taking away
something bad."
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Negative reinforcement occurs when a student shows an appropriate behavior in order to make the threat of punishment go away.
The student shows the correct behavior to avoid being punished if s/he doesn't Shaping: Reinforcing What Doesn’t Come Naturally
• Shaping
– the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Negative reinforcement is the removal of something awful (or the threat of it) if the student shows an appropriate behavior. Punishment
•
Punishment defined
–
A negative consequence
of a behavior, which
leads to a decrease in
the frequency of the
behavior that produces it
–
punishment should be
used as a last resort in
behavior management ;
positive and negative
reinforcement should
be used first
Time –out ‐ students offered time in a safe space or a cool‐
down space to think through problems ‐another form of removal (negative) punisher
‐ Helps restore order and relive the teacher ‐ Used as a punishment to reduce specific U d
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undesirable behavior
Punisher – A consequence of behavior that weakens or decreases behavior Positive punisher – any event that decreases the frequency of the behavior
e.g. Student talking and not paying attention ‐ detention, extra homework, sending student to the Principal’s office (puts an end to the behavior)
Negative punisher – any event when taken away decreases the frequency of the behavior e.g. Teacher removing child from the playground after the child has punched a classmate. Teacher takes away the child’s playground privileges in order to punish ( decrease) the aggression DECREASING UNDESIRABLE BEHAVIOUR 1. VERBAL REPRIMANDS – Teachers brief statements to draw attention to misbehavior
e.g. stop that! , get back to work! 2. RESPONSE COST – possible lost of the reward e g Peter : Teacher can we go and play in our free e.g. Peter
: Teacher can we go and play in our free
period?
Teacher : you only will be allowed to play if you finish your task sheet .
(Unfinished work will cost them their chance to play) 3