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Download Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning
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Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning Elicit, Respondent Behavior Pavlov, Watson & Rayner Involuntary, automatic Key Terms Key People Response Acquisition Associating events (stimuli); CS announces UCS Extinction CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone Subjects develop expectation that CS signals the arrival of UCS Cognitive Processes Biological Predispositions Natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated Operant Conditioning Emit, Operant Behavior Skinner Voluntary, operates on environment Associating response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher) Responding decreases when reinforcement stops Subjects develop expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished; they also exhibit latent learning, without reinforcement Organisms best learn behaviors similar to their natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors instinctively drift back towards natural ones Conditioning can come in two forms – Classical and Operant Classical conditioning occurs when a previously neutral stimulus (NS) elicits (causes) a response after being paired with a stimulus (UCS) that automatically/naturally elicits (causes) a response Operant conditioning occurs when an emitted (produced by the animal) behavior becomes associated with an environmental effect/consequence (reinforcer or punisher) Reinforcers encourage the repetition of a behavior whereas punishers discourage the repetition of a behavior Both reinforcers and punishers come in “positive” and “negative” flavors. If you think of it as “adding to” or “taking away” (rather than “good” or “bad”), you’ll be more likely to understand these concepts… Positive Reinforcement is when a rewarding environmental consequence (e.g., receiving payment for producing an art style) follows a behavior and makes it more likely to occur Negative Reinforcement is when the removal of an aversive environmental consequence makes a behavior more likely to occur Positive Punishment is when an aversive environmental consequence (e.g., incarceration) follows a behavior and makes it less likely to occur Negative Punishment is when the removal of a rewarding environmental consequence (e.g., taking away car privileges for a teenager) makes a behavior less likely to occur
