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Transcript
ENDOFSEMESTEREXAMPREPARATIONANDREVISION Lecture13 Inheritance • Foursimplebuildingblocks: 1. Adenine 2. Cytosine 3. Guanine 4. ThymineinDNA(andUracilinRNA) • DNAandRNA: − Composedofnucleicacids,polysaccharidesandphosphates − A=TorA=Uisaweakbond–hydrogenbonding − G≡Cisastrongbond–hydrogenbonding − TwocomplementarystrandsinDNA–doublehelix − Directionisfrom5’–>3’ends Proteinvs.NucleicAcids • Proteins: − 20buildingblockscalledaminoacids − Havethepotentialtobecomplex − Variablebetweencells • NucleicAcids: − 4buildingblocks − Simplestructure − Identicalbetweencells Chargaff’sRule • %Adenine=%Thymine/%Uracil • %Guanine=%Cytosine • A+T≠G+C Replication • ParentstrandsofDNAdoublehelixserveastemplates • Helicaseunwindsthedoublehelixandtwodaughterstrandsareformed • EachnewDNAcontainsoneparentandonedaughterstrand • Leadingstrand:5’–>3’(continuous) • Laggingstrand:Okazakifragmentstoformdaughterstrand(discontinuous) • RNAreplicationrequiresprimers Lecture14 RNA • Canactlikeanenzyme–makespeptidebondsandself-replicates • Storesinformation–notasgoodasDNA • mRNA,rRNA,tRNA,miRNA,siRNA,snRNAandRNasePRNA RNAvs.DNA • Similaroverallstructure–DNAismorestablethanRNA • DNAcontainsthymineinsteadofuracilinRNA • DNAisusuallydoublestrandedandRNAisusuallysinglestranded RNASynthesis • Occursincytoplasm(nucleoidregion)ofprokaryotesandonlyoneRNA polymerase • Occursinthenucleusofeukaryotesanduses: − RNApolymeraseIforrRNA − RNApolymeraseIIformRNA − RNApolymeraseIIIfortRNA • GenerallyDNAsynthesisisperformedbyDNA-dependentRNApolymerases • Transcription: − RNApolymerasedissociatesdownstreamofpoly-adenylationsignal − Codingandtemplatestrand–notclearwhichstrandiswhich • mRNAprocessing: − 7-methylguaninecapat5’endandpolyAtailat3’end − intronsaresplicedoutofpre-mRNA(bysnRNPs)toleaveexons Lecture15 Translation • Initiation: − Smallsubunitofribosomeattachesto5’endofmRNAandmoveto initiationsite − LargesubunitofribosomeattachesarecorrespondingtRNAhasboundto startingcodon • Elongation: • − FirsttRNAoccupiesPsiteandsecondtRNAoccupiesAsite − AminoacidontRNAonPsitetransferstoaminoacidontRNAonAsite − tRNAareconstantlybeingreplacesatAsite Termination: − Releasefactorentersribosomeafterstopcodonisreached − ReleasefactorbindstoAsiteandtranslationisterminated − Ribosomedissociatesandreleasesanewlyformedprotein
