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BIOL& 160
Clark College
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Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes
By the end of the class, successful students should be able to demonstrate the ability to:
The Study of Biology
• Define biology
• Identify and describe the properties of life
• Describe the levels of organization among living things
• Explain how basic taxonomy/phylogenetics illustrates the diversity of life
• List examples of different branches or sub-disciplines in biology
• Identify the shared characteristics of the natural sciences, and the difference between life and
physical sciences.
The Process of Science
• Compare and contrast inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning.
• Compare and contrast descriptive science with hypothesis-based science
• Describe the process of the scientific method
• Identify the goals of basic science vs. applied science
• Argue for the importance of reporting scientific work in peer-reviewed journals
BIOL& 160
Clark College
Chapter 2 Learning Outcomes
By the end of the class, successful students should be able to demonstrate the ability to:
Atoms and Molecules
• Define matter.
• Describe the properties and the interrelationships of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
• Define the concept of a chemical element.
• Describe the property that is common to all atoms of an element.
• Define isotopes.
• Describe the pattern by which electrons typically fill electron shells.
• Given the number of electrons in an atom’s outermost electron (valence) shell, predict
the ion (if any) that will be formed.
• Describe the properties the following types of molecular atomic/molecular bonds: ionic
bonds, nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds.
• Describe the general process of a chemical reaction.
• Given a chemical equilibrium such as A + B ó AB, be able to state the direction (to the right
or to the left) the reaction will proceed to reach a new equilibrium when the concentration of A,
B or AB is increased.
Water
• Describe the molecular structure of water including the polarity of each O-H bond.
• Describe how the hydrogen-bonding ability of water molecules leads to the following
properties of water that are important to life:
o Water is a solvent for many other substances
o Water stabilizes temperature
o Water has high surface tension
o Ice floats
o Water is a good lubricant
pH
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Define the terms pH, acid, base, buffer (definitions in the text are weak)
Given a solution’s pH, be able to determine its [H+]
Describe the difference between a weak acid and a strong acid
Understand and be able to describe how a buffer such as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer
acts to resist a change in pH.
Biological Macromolecules
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Define the term biological macromolecule.
Explain the relationship between monomers, dimers, and polymers.
Understand the synthesis of macromolecules.
Explain dehydration (or condensation) and hydrolysis reactions.
Discuss the role of carbohydrates in cells and in extracellular materials of animals and plants.
Explain the classifications of carbohydrates.
List common monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and their biological
functions.
Describe the four major types of lipids.
Explain the role of fats in storing energy.
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BIOL& 160
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Clark College
Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Describe phospholipids and their role in cells.
Define the basic structure of a steroid and some functions of steroids.
Explain the how cholesterol helps to maintain the fluid nature of the plasma membrane.
Describe the functions proteins perform in cells and organisms.
Discuss the relationship between amino acids and proteins.
Explain the four levels of protein organization.
Describe the ways in which protein shape and function are linked.
Describe the structure of nucleic acids and define the two types of nucleic acids.
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BIOL& 160
Clark College
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Chapter 3 Learning Outcomes
By the end of the class, successful students should be able to demonstrate the ability to:
Basic Cell Structure and Diversity
• Identify and describe the usage of the components of a compound light microscope.
• Explain the concept of a cell and Cell theory.
• Understand the relationship between cell surface area and cell volume.
• Be able to list the major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• Understand the difference between single-celled and multicellular organisms.
• Outline the three domains of life (The “Tree of Life”).
• Define the word microorganism.
Components of All Cells
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Identify the structures (and their functions) common to all cells: Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Chromosome (DNA), Ribosomes. Prokaryotic Cells
• Be familiar with the size, and possible shapes and arrangements of prokaryotic cells.
• Be familiar with the general structure and the major components of a prokaryotic cell. Be
able to give a brief description and function for each of the following:
Flagella and Axial filaments
Endospores
Fimbriae and Pili
Cell Wall
Chromosome and Plasmids
Glycocalyx
Cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Cells
• Describe the size range of typical eukaryotic cells.
• Describe the structure and function of the following eukaryotic cell structures:
Nucleus
Peroxisomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chloroplasts
Golgi Complex
Cell Wall
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Vesicles and Vacuoles
Intercellular junctions
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Explain the “endosymbiotic theory”, and list the evidence in support of this theory.
Membrane Transport
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Describe the Fluid-­‐Mosaic Model. Describe the concept of selective permeability. Describe and recognize examples of the following forms of membrane transport: Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis o Apply the concept of tonicity (and the term isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic) to osmotic scenarios.