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G3 Computer HAPPY FRIDAY BELLWORK: Write down “set up notecards” Have out your Notecard Sticker Sheet. Lay out your notecards (definition side up) on your desk 6x6, “Adaptation” needs to be top left card. Unit 6 – Evolution Definitions Due Monday (1/11/16) All Parts Due Friday (1/15/16) 1. Adaptation 13.Evolution 2. Anatomical Homologies 14.Fitness 3. Ancestry 15.Fossil Record 4. Artificial Selection 16.Founder Effect 5. Biodiversity 17.Gene Flow 6. Biogeography 18.Gene Pool 7. Bottleneck Effect 19.Genetic Drift 8. Charles Darwin 20.Genetic Variation 9. Common Descent 21.Gradualism 10.Developmental Homologies 22.Homologous Structures 11.Disruptive Selection (Graph) 23.Homology 12.Directional Selection (Graph)24.Limiting Factor PG 86 25.Migration 26.Molecular Homologies 27.Natural Selection 28.Non-Random Mating 29.Overpopulation 30.Recombination 31.Reproductive Success 32.Speciation 33.Stabilizing Selection (Graph) 34.Stasis 35.Theory 36.Vestigial Structure Essential Question Can I differentiate the type of evolution from real life examples? Standard B.7C - Analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals. B.7E - Analyze and evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation and to the development of diversity in and among species. Scenarios Mix-Freeze-Group Genetic Mutation Natural Selection Small Population Non-Random Mating • I am going to survive! Because I have the best genes for my environment. • I am HUGELY affected by genetic drift. • I am VERY picky. I will only choose you, because your traits are most attractive to me. • I am a mistake in the DNA sequence You will work in groups of 2 or 3 to identify what mechanism the following scenarios describe. You will need one sheet of paper per group and number it 1-13. Write all names on it. 2. The DNA sequence in a bird is changed from ATT CCG TTG to TTA CCG TTG which changes the beak shape from long and thin to short and fat. 4. Northern elephant seals were hunted almost to extinction by people in the 1890s. The remaining population has reduced genetic variation. 5. A lioness joins a new pride and has cubs with the male lion. 6. A small group of birds flies from the mainland to an island and starts a new colony. (The birds never return to the mainland.) 1. Amish people are required by their religion to only marry and have children with other Amish people. 2. Peppered moths are eaten by birds. The moth color varies from light to dark. Light colored moths can blend in with a nearby species of tree. In the 1800s factories released large amounts of soot, which changed the tree color, so the birds were able to more easily find the lighter moths instead of the darker moths. 6. In 2012, the Yalta Zoo in the Ukraine took ownership of 5 white lion cubs. White lions are caused by a reduced pigmentation (skin color). A very rare occurrence. 7. American bison were once very prevalent in North America, but were hunted close to extinction in the late 1800's. Though the population is recovering, the rapid decrease in population size has led to a population with very little genetic variability http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif WHICH PATTERN IS IT? coevolution convergent evolution divergent evolution The Galápagos finches evolved through natural selection from a common ancestor into a wide variety of different looking species with different kinds of beaks divergent evolution WHICH PATTERN IS IT? coevolution convergent evolution divergent evolution Hummingbirds have a beak just the right length to reach the nectar in a cardinal flower and as they feed their foreheads bump into the pollen structure. Cardinal flowers are red which hummingbirds can see, but bees can’t, and their pollen structure is at just the right height for the hummingbird to pick up pollen as it feeds. coevolution WHICH PATTERN IS IT? coevolution convergent evolution divergent evolution Whales, sharks, and penguins all have streamlined bodies and fins/flipper for moving in water even though they belong in different animal groups (mammals, fish, and birds) Convergent evolution WHICH PATTERN IS IT? coevolution convergent evolution Beaver Beaver NORTH AMERICA Muskrat Muskrat Beaver and Muskrat Coypu Capybara SOUTH AMERICA Coypu divergent evolution BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine Pearson Publishing divergent evolution Beaver in North America and capybara in South America are closely related species living in very different environments that have evolved to look different over time. WHICH PATTERN IS IT? coevolution convergent evolution divergent evolution The tortoises on the Galapagos islands share a common ancestor, but over time they have become adapted for obtaining food in different habitats on different islands by having different neck lengths divergent evolution You need a whiteboard, expo marker, and a wiping tissue. 1. _______________ is defined as change in a gene pool over time. • artificial selection • natural selection • homologous structures • vestigial organs • Darwin • Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 1. evolution is defined as change over time. • artificial selection • natural selection • homologous structures • vestigial organs • Darwin • Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 2. _______________ contributed more to our understanding of evolution than anyone else. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 2. Darwin contributed more to our understanding of evolution than anyone else. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 3. _______________is selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 3. artificial selection is selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 4. _______________ is the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 4. fitness is the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 5. An _______________ is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 5. An adaptation is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 6. Individuals with characteristics that are not well suited to their environment die. Individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. Darwin called this process _______________. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 6. Individuals with characteristics that are not well suited to their environment die. Individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. Darwin called this process natural selection. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 7. _______________ is a principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 7. descent with modification is a principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 8. According to the principle of _______________, all species – living and extinct – were derived from common ancestors. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 8. According to the principle of common descent, all species – living and extinct – were derived from common ancestors. • • • • • • artificial selection natural selection homologous structures vestigial organs Darwin Lamarck • • • • • • adaptation evolution common descent descent with modification fitness biological diversity 9. The following phrases are from a game of telephone. Which biology concept(s) does this illustrate? 1. 2. 3. 4. Dark forest Dark force Damp forest Dan put forest 9. The following phrases are from a game of telephone. Which biology concept(s) does this illustrate? evolution 1. 2. 3. 4. Dark forest Dark force Damp forest Dan put forest 10. A population of tortoises inhabits an island filled with small shrubby bushes and vegetation that is located off of the ground. Within the population of tortoises are individuals with short, medium, and long necks. Which of the individuals will leave behind the most offspring? 10. A population of tortoises inhabits an island filled with small shrubby bushes and vegetation that is located off of the ground. Within the population of tortoises are individuals with short, medium, and long necks. Which of the individuals will leave behind the most offspring? Long necks 11. A type of antibiotic is used to fight an nasty sinus infection. The 10 day prescription kills 99% of the bacteria. The patient feels better but in a few days their infection is back from the remaining bacteria reproducing. Explain why the doctor would not prescribe the same antibiotic. 11. A type of antibiotic is used to fight an nasty sinus infection. The 10 day prescription kills 99% of the bacteria. The patient feels better but in a few days their infection is back from the remaining bacteria reproducing. Explain why the doctor would not prescribe the same antibiotic. The 1% of bacteria that survived was immune and passed on the “immunity trait” to the new population of bacteria. (natural selection) 12. Copy the statement and indicate if it is true or false Natural selection will occur more quickly when resources are limited. 13. Copy the statement and indicate if it is true or false Natural selection will occur more quickly when populations reproduce slowly 14. Copy the statement and indicate if it is true or false Natural selection will occur more quickly when competition is minimal 15. Copy the statement and indicate if it is true or false Natural selection will occur more quickly when populations have many genetic variations 12 - 15. Copy the statement and indicate if it is true or false 12. Natural selection will occur more quickly when resources are limited True 13. Natural selection will occur more quickly when populations reproduce slowly False 14. Natural selection will occur more quickly when competition is minimal False 15. Natural selection will occur more quickly when populations have many genetic variations False 16. Indicate (Y/N) if the situation would cause natural selection to occur for each situation. A. Limited amount of food supply B. Decreased competition for mates C. Reduced material and space for shelter D. Increased fighting for resources 16. Indicate (Y/N) if the situation would cause natural selection to occur. • Limited amount of food supply Yes • Decreased competition for mates No • Reduced material and space for shelter Yes • Increased fighting for resources Yes 17. How is the organism in the picture adapted to its environment? 17. How is the organism in the picture adapted to its environment? Spines protect from predators, no leaves (stores water in the plant), etc. 18. How is the organism in the picture adapted to its environment? 18. How is the organism in the picture adapted to its environment? Smell discourages predators, coloring discourages predators 19. Explain how humans caused wolves to evolve into dogs. 19. Explain how humans caused wolves to evolve into dogs. People only bred wolves with traits they wanted (cuteness, tameness, etc). Over many generations wolves evolved into dogs. 20. Which type of selection is modeled by the blue and green lines? a. Stabilizing b. directional c. disruptive 20. Which type of selection is modeled by the blue and green lines? a. stabilizing b. directional c. disruptive 21. In shallow water among rocks light-colored oysters are less easy for a predator to see because they match the rock color. Dark-colored oysters blend into the shadows cast by the rocks. Intermediate-colored oysters are most heavily preyed upon by the crabs, and very light and very dark oysters survive to reproduce Which type of selection is modeled above? a. stabilizing b. directional c. disruptive 21. In shallow water among rocks light-colored oysters are less easy for a predator to see because they match the rock color. Dark-colored oysters blend into the shadows cast by the rocks. Intermediate-colored oysters are most heavily preyed upon by the crabs, and very light and very dark oysters survive to reproduce Which type of selection is modeled above? a. stabilizing b. directional c. disruptive Sad, but True 22. It is well known that early mortality is common for extreme birth weights. Both very large and very small infants suffer high mortality rates. This is an example of ______________ selection. a. stabilizing b. directional c. disruptive Sad, but True 22. It is well known that early mortality is common for extreme birth weights. Both very large and very small infants suffer high mortality rates. This is an example of ___________ selection. a. stabilizing b. directional c. disruptive 23. Why are mutations important in all species? 23. Why are mutations important in all species? Mutations are the source of new traits. 24. Which of the following is not evidence of a common ancestor? • Vestigial Structures • Same biogeography • Similar embryonic structures • Similar gene sequences • Similar prey • Homologous structures 24. Which of the following is not evidence of a common ancestor? • Vestigial Structures • Same biogeography • Similar embryonic structures • Similar gene sequences • Similar prey • Homologous structures 25. Which of the following can not be learned from the fossil record? (2 answers) • Where an organism lived • The ancestors of organisms • The chronological order of their existence • The full range of their variations • The climate in which they existed • All the different species that existed 25. Which of the following can not be learned from the fossil record? (2 answers) • Where an organism lived • The ancestors of organisms • The chronological order of their existence • The full range of their variations • The climate in which they existed • All the different species that existed 26. Name that term! • What do we call the geographical distribution of a species? 26. Name that term! • What do we call the geographical distribution of a species? Biogeography 27. Which of the following does not apply to Natural selection? (4 answers) • Survival advantage • Survival disadvantage • Phenotype • Genotype • Choice traits/adaptations • Change in Individuals • Acquired traits • Variety • Competition • Over Reproduction • Inherited Traits • Sudden Change • Change in Populations • Mutations 27. Which of the following does not apply to Natural selection? (4 answers) • Survival advantage • Survival disadvantage • Phenotype • Genotype • Choice traits/adaptations • Change in Individuals • Acquired traits • Variety • Competition • Over Reproduction • Inherited Traits • Sudden Change • Change in Populations • Mutations 28. Scientists at Texas A&M University have discovered how to insert a “maroon gene” into the genetic material of a Bluebonnet that causes it to grow maroon-colored. As this flower reproduces, it forms additional maroon flowers. Which evolutionary process is represented in this scenario? (hint: today’s bellwork) 28. Scientists at Texas A&M University have discovered how to insert a “maroon gene” into the genetic material of a Bluebonnet that causes it to grow maroon-colored. As this flower reproduces, it forms additional maroon flowers. Which evolutionary process is represented in this scenario? (hint: today’s bellwork) Recombination 29. Short answer • Why is variation important in a species? 29. Short answer • Why is inherited variation important in a species? It is essential for natural selection to result in a new species. 30. A wildflower population consisting of blue, purple, and pink flowers is subjected to a mudslide that kills most of the blue ones. As time progresses, blue flowers eventually die out, leaving only purple and pink wildflowers. This is an example of A. Bottleneck effect C. Genetic drift B. Speciation D. Gene Flow 30. A wildflower population consisting of blue, purple, and pink flowers is subjected to a mudslide that kills most of the blue ones. As time progresses, blue flowers eventually die out, leaving only purple and pink wildflowers. This is an example of A. Bottleneck effect C. Genetic drift B. Speciation D. Gene Flow 31. How does Genetic Drift differ from natural selection? 31. How does Genetic Drift differ from Natural Selection? Genetic Drift are organisms dying by chance. Natural Selection is organisms being selected by nature/environment for specific traits that are well adapted to that habitat. A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 32. The North American kangaroo rat, Australian hopping mouse, and North African and Asian jerboa have developed adaptations for hot desert environments; these include a small rounded body shape with very large hind legs and long thin tails, a characteristic bipedal hop, and nocturnal, burrowing and seed-eating behaviors. A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 32. The North American kangaroo rat, Australian hopping mouse, and North African and Asian jerboa have developed adaptations for hot desert environments; these include a small rounded body shape with very large hind legs and long thin tails, a characteristic bipedal hop, and nocturnal, burrowing and seed-eating behaviors. A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 33. The Afrikaner population of Dutch settlers in South Africa is descended mainly from a few colonists from the Netherlands. Today, the Afrikaner population has an unusually high frequency of the gene that causes Huntington’s disease, because those original Dutch colonists just happened to carry that gene with unusually high frequency. A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 33. The Afrikaner population of Dutch settlers in South Africa is descended mainly from a few colonists from the Netherlands. Today, the Afrikaner population has an unusually high frequency of the gene that causes Huntington’s disease, because those original Dutch colonists just happened to carry that gene with unusually high frequency. A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 34. A human foot evolved to be very different from a monkey's foot, despite their common primate ancestry. It is speculated that a new species (humans) developed because there was no longer was a need for swinging from trees. Upright walking on the ground required alterations in the foot for better speed and balance. These differing traits soon became characteristics that evolved to permit movement on the ground. Although humans and monkeys are genetically similar, their natural habitat required different physical traits to evolve for survival. A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 34. A human foot evolved to be very different from a monkey's foot, despite their common primate ancestry. It is speculated that a new species (humans) developed because there was no longer was a need for swinging from trees. Upright walking on the ground required alterations in the foot for better speed and balance. These differing traits soon became characteristics that evolved to permit movement on the ground. Although humans and monkeys are genetically similar, their natural habitat required different physical traits to evolve for survival. A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 35. American bison were once very prevalent in North America, but were hunted close to extinction in the late 1800's. Though the population is recovering, the rapid decrease in population size has led to a population with very little genetic variability A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 35. American bison were once very prevalent in North America, but were hunted close to extinction in the late 1800's. Though the population is recovering, the rapid decrease in population size has led to a population with very little genetic variability A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 36. One single rough-skinned newt produces enough toxins to kill 100 humans. So you would think that nothing could eat these animals, but you would be wrong! Common garter snakes are able to eat these newts. Over time, these snakes have become resistant to the toxins of these newts. A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 36. One single rough-skinned newt produces enough toxins to kill 100 humans. So you would think that nothing could eat these animals, but you would be wrong! Common garter snakes are able to eat these newts. Over time, these snakes have become resistant to the toxins of these newts. A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 37. As the result of a catastrophic earthquake, many brown-haired people are killed, but a proportionately lower number of blonde-haired people are killed, resulting in the births of more blonde-haired babies. A. Founder Effect B. Bottleneck effect C. Co-Evolution D. Convergent Evolution E. Divergent Evolution F. Genetic Drift 37. As the result of a catastrophic earthquake, many brown-haired people are killed, but a proportionately lower number of blonde-haired people are killed, resulting in the births of more blonde-haired babies.