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Ecological Speciation
Ecological Speciation

... Threespine stickleback fish, with their diverse populations adapted to different habitats, had provided a number of examples of how adaptive divergence can promote ecological speciation [24, 25]. Indeed, work on this group has fundamentally shaped our modern understanding of ecological speciation [1–3 ...
Evolution through the Search for Novelty
Evolution through the Search for Novelty

... grants HR0011-09-1-0045 and N11AP20003 (Computer Science Study Group Phases 2, and 3), and US Army Research Office grant Award No. W911NF-11-1-0489. This dissertation does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the government, and no official endorsement should be inferred. ...
“History of Evolutionary Thought” Game Cards: 3 pts. Darwin
“History of Evolutionary Thought” Game Cards: 3 pts. Darwin

... members of the same sex within the same species called? 5 pts. Describe the mathematical relationship between “p” and “q” if they represent the frequency of two alleles at a single locus that displays simple Mendelian genetics. ...
Evolution Review
Evolution Review

... ____ 52. In an unchanging environment selection in a well-adapted population is a. directional. b. disruptive. c. stabilizing. d. absent. e. random. ____ 53. Human infants of low or very high birth weights are less likely to survive than those of average weight. This outcome is an example of ____ se ...
The Evolution of Aging 3
The Evolution of Aging 3

... Finally, as the title of this book implies, theories of aging and anti-aging research are very constrained by evolution theory. The merging of biology and information technology has spawned a number of new fields of science including genomics, and proteomics, under the general term bioinformatics. M ...
Why Natural Selection cannot Explain Rationality
Why Natural Selection cannot Explain Rationality

... inherited constraints known as traits. So, why does this paper invoke the Organismus automaton hypothesis, to which no biologist or, at least, no contemporary biologist subscribes? The hypothesis is used here as the baseline to show an inconsistency. If biologists recognize phenotypic plasticity, an ...
From Darwinian Metaphysics towards Understanding the Evolution
From Darwinian Metaphysics towards Understanding the Evolution

... In recent years I have worked at the University of Göttingen and now at the University of Heidelberg in psychology in a quite positivistic and technical manner on issues like Bayesian hypothesis-testing. Hence, I am inclined to reconsider this book, based as it is on earlier thought, and I can see t ...
3 pts - Ionia Public Schools
3 pts - Ionia Public Schools

... Cenozoic era (Mammals – climate shifted towards cooler & temperate, so organisms who could survive despite temperature changes had an advantage.) ...
Are Random Drift and Natural Selection - Philsci
Are Random Drift and Natural Selection - Philsci

... because there has been some controversy as to which processes should be considered random drift (Beatty 1992). Indeed, different authors will describe different subsets of this list as constituting the different kinds of random drift processes. For reasons of space, I will discuss only two of these ...
Speciation Speciation Speciation Speciation
Speciation Speciation Speciation Speciation

... Without a geographic barrier, gene flow may swamp out genetic differences that arise within a population. If, however, the population is distributed over space and: • little gene flow occurs between distant locations and • there is an environmental gradient favoring different genetic combinations in ...
Introduction to Physical Anthropology - Study Guide
Introduction to Physical Anthropology - Study Guide

... Evolution: History of Development(All Authors, Theories and Publications). Natural Selection: Understand and describe relationship between physical variation within Species and their relationship to the Environment. Charles Darwin: Life, Travels, Observations. Galapagos Islands: Describe all example ...
Adaptive landscapes - BOA Bicocca Open Archive
Adaptive landscapes - BOA Bicocca Open Archive

... most fascinating cases of evolution require epistemological pluralism, mainly intended as articulation between ways of looking, each typical of some disciplinary fields (and not others); and that pluralism is not easy “anything goes”, demanding rigor and imagination, exercise and flexibility. Eldred ...
Pattern, process and geographic modes of speciation
Pattern, process and geographic modes of speciation

... divergence has occurred in nature without geographic barriers to gene flow. Obviously, different sets of criteria for sympatric speciation will lead to different numbers of qualifying cases. But changing the rules of nomenclature to make ‘sympatric speciation’ more or less common does not constitute ...
Pattern, process and geographic modes of speciation
Pattern, process and geographic modes of speciation

... divergence has occurred in nature without geographic barriers to gene flow. Obviously, different sets of criteria for sympatric speciation will lead to different numbers of qualifying cases. But changing the rules of nomenclature to make ‘sympatric speciation’ more or less common does not constitute ...
Sympatric speciation: when is it possible
Sympatric speciation: when is it possible

... according to the Gause principle, the newly originating species cannot occupy the same niche (see McMurtrie, 1976). In addition, to make speciation possible i t is necessary that under the equilibrium genotype frequencies the fitness of the ‘marginal’ individuals be higher than that of intermediate ...
Evolution of Preferences - Northwestern University
Evolution of Preferences - Northwestern University

... aspects of those differences can be seen through variations in their matching technology. They use this to argue that preference evolution has no effect on outcomes when preferences are not observed and show by example that there might be such an effect with observability. Their remark 4 (see also p ...
Space, sympatry and speciation
Space, sympatry and speciation

... definition it would be almost impossible to demonstrate that speciation was sympatric (Fitzpatrick et al., 2008). They concur that the geography of speciation remains interesting, but argue that it is of secondary importance. They therefore suggest that it is more meaningful to investigate actual ge ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... Hybridization can have several different meanings for evolutionary biologists. The term ‘ hybrid ’ can be restricted to organisms formed by cross-fertilization between individuals of different species. Alternatively, hybrids can be defined more broadly as the offspring between individuals from popul ...
list of abstracts
list of abstracts

... The widespread occurrence of sexual reproduction, despite its well-known costs, has been a long standing problem in evolutionary biology. Although there are numerous theories for why sex is the most common mode of reproduction, critically few assumptions and predictions of these theories have been ...
Are Random Drift and Natural Selection Conceptually Distinct?
Are Random Drift and Natural Selection Conceptually Distinct?

... Parent sampling, according to Beatty, is “the process of determining which organisms of one generation will be parents of the next, and how many offspring each parent will have” (1984: 188; italics in original). According to Beatty, this parent sampling can be discriminate, that is, with regard to f ...
Cultural selection
Cultural selection

... that matches people's taste. A's interpretation can be called anthropocentric while B's point of view is the opposite. We can take the non-anthropocentric view even further by comparing pop songs or fashions or other cultural phenomena with parasites competing for access to people's minds. Of course ...
Meta-analysis of phenotypic selection on flowering phenology
Meta-analysis of phenotypic selection on flowering phenology

... work has suggested will affect the incidence and strength of phenotypic selection among taxa. We focused our analysis on two specific phenological traits that selection may target: flowering time and flowering synchrony, which are the most studied descriptors of phenology. Although synchrony is not ...
PDF file - Department of Biology
PDF file - Department of Biology

... indicated by the relative thickness of the black arrows. As typically viewed by organismal and evolutionary biologists, selection acts on phenotypic variation (which reflects variation in gene expression), but does not generally act directly on genetic variation (e.g. at the level of DNA sequences). ...
Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution
Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution

... indicated by the relative thickness of the black arrows. As typically viewed by organismal and evolutionary biologists, selection acts on phenotypic variation (which reflects variation in gene expression), but does not generally act directly on genetic variation (e.g. at the level of DNA sequences). ...
2 How to measure genetic variation
2 How to measure genetic variation

... Large portions of the genome of any organism are selectively neutral, or at least nearly so at any given point in time. It may thus be argued that genetic variation is irrelevant for population survival. However, even if much of the standing genetic variation in an endangered population at any given ...
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Inclusive fitness

In evolutionary biology inclusive fitness theory is a model for the evolution of social behaviors (traits), first set forward by W. D. Hamilton in 1963 and 1964. Instead of a trait's frequency increase being thought of only via its average effects on an organism's direct reproduction, Hamilton argued that its average effects on indirect reproduction, via identical copies of the trait in other individuals, also need to be taken into account. Hamilton's theory, alongside reciprocal altruism, is considered one of the two primary mechanisms for the evolution of social behaviors in natural species.From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Until 1964, it was generally believed that genes only achieved this by causing the individual to leave the maximum number of viable direct offspring. However, in 1964 W. D. Hamilton showed mathematically that, because other members of a population may share identical genes, a gene can also increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of such individuals. The most obvious category of such individuals is close genetic relatives, and where these are concerned, the application of inclusive fitness theory is often more straightforwardly treated via the narrower kin selection theory.Belding's ground squirrel provides an example. The ground squirrel gives an alarm call to warn its local group of the presence of a predator. By emitting the alarm, it gives its own location away, putting itself in more danger. In the process, however, the squirrel may protect its relatives within the local group (along with the rest of the group). Therefore, if the effect of the trait influencing the alarm call typically protects the other squirrels in the immediate area, it will lead to the passing on of more of copies of the alarm call trait in the next generation than the squirrel could leave by reproducing on its own. In such a case natural selection will increase the trait that influences giving the alarm call, provided that a sufficient fraction of the shared genes include the gene(s) predisposing to the alarm call.Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young's survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.Inclusive fitness is more generalized than strict kin selection, which requires that the shared genes are identical by descent. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where ""kin"" ('close genetic relatives') are involved.
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