(1904–2005) Ernst Mayr and the integration of geographic and
... expose populations to divergent natural selection will accelerate genetic divergence, and thus the process of by-product speciation. Speciation is accelerated because ecological traits under divergent selection, or traits that are genetically-correlated with such traits, can incidentally affect repr ...
... expose populations to divergent natural selection will accelerate genetic divergence, and thus the process of by-product speciation. Speciation is accelerated because ecological traits under divergent selection, or traits that are genetically-correlated with such traits, can incidentally affect repr ...
Chapter 15: Evolution
... Overpopulation • Within a population, there are more offspring produced in each generation than can possibly survive SACCONE IS THE COOLEST ...
... Overpopulation • Within a population, there are more offspring produced in each generation than can possibly survive SACCONE IS THE COOLEST ...
The Heritability of External Morphology in Darwin`s Ground Finches
... P = G + E, or for the phenotypic variance of a population, Vp = VG + VE. The genotypic value of an individual can in turn be partitioned into a breeding value, a dominance deviation, and an interaction deviation, i.e., G = A + D + I, or VG = ...
... P = G + E, or for the phenotypic variance of a population, Vp = VG + VE. The genotypic value of an individual can in turn be partitioned into a breeding value, a dominance deviation, and an interaction deviation, i.e., G = A + D + I, or VG = ...
Artificial selection on flowering time: influence on reproductive
... likely represent plastic responses to warmer temperatures (Gordo & Sanz 2010). To date, little is known about whether warmer climates also result in the selection for earlier reproduction (but see Bradshaw & Holzapfel 2006 for animal studies). Such a pattern of selection would be predicted if observ ...
... likely represent plastic responses to warmer temperatures (Gordo & Sanz 2010). To date, little is known about whether warmer climates also result in the selection for earlier reproduction (but see Bradshaw & Holzapfel 2006 for animal studies). Such a pattern of selection would be predicted if observ ...
The geographic mosaic in predispersal interactions and selection on
... between populations within regions and between plants within populations) in plant traits, interactors’ incidence and fecundity, we considered both region and population nested within region as random effects, as required for variance partitioning, and analyses were conducted with the MIXED procedur ...
... between populations within regions and between plants within populations) in plant traits, interactors’ incidence and fecundity, we considered both region and population nested within region as random effects, as required for variance partitioning, and analyses were conducted with the MIXED procedur ...
Unit structure - Aqua Units 1-6
... 4.6 Ensure participants exercise safely 4.7 Keep to the timings for the session 5. be able to improve participant’s performance in water-based exercise 5.1 Adopt appropriate positions to observe all participants and respond to their needs 5.2 Check that participants can perform the exercises as plan ...
... 4.6 Ensure participants exercise safely 4.7 Keep to the timings for the session 5. be able to improve participant’s performance in water-based exercise 5.1 Adopt appropriate positions to observe all participants and respond to their needs 5.2 Check that participants can perform the exercises as plan ...
Fitness effects of thermal stress differ between outcrossing
... 2002; Chasnov and Chow 2002; Cutter et al. 2003; Cutter 2005) - and that they do not play important role in C. elegans evolution. However, the fact that a large fraction of the genome is devoted to male functions (Jiang et al. 2001) and that genes expressed only in males are among the most conserved ...
... 2002; Chasnov and Chow 2002; Cutter et al. 2003; Cutter 2005) - and that they do not play important role in C. elegans evolution. However, the fact that a large fraction of the genome is devoted to male functions (Jiang et al. 2001) and that genes expressed only in males are among the most conserved ...
Toward open-ended evolutionary robotics - laral
... different type of predators). Moreover, the problem that being able to face hard competitors might be too hard for individuals with randomly selected genotypes, is solved by the fact that competitors are not smart from the beginning, given that they also are initially provided with randomly selected ...
... different type of predators). Moreover, the problem that being able to face hard competitors might be too hard for individuals with randomly selected genotypes, is solved by the fact that competitors are not smart from the beginning, given that they also are initially provided with randomly selected ...
Parameter Control in Evolutionary Algorithms:Trends and Challenges
... [55] where parameter tuning and parameter control are two alternative approaches to setting EA parameters. In case of tuning, M works in an off-line fashion and the parameter values it specifies remain fixed during the run of the given EA. In case of control, M works in an on-line fashion, i.e. para ...
... [55] where parameter tuning and parameter control are two alternative approaches to setting EA parameters. In case of tuning, M works in an off-line fashion and the parameter values it specifies remain fixed during the run of the given EA. In case of control, M works in an on-line fashion, i.e. para ...
on the opportunity for sexual selection, the bateman gradient and
... gradient, β (Lande and Arnold 1983). An estimate of the heritability of a sexually selected trait will not be accessible from a typical study of sexual selection within a breeding season, so it makes sense to focus on the selection differential rather than the response to selection. In other words, ...
... gradient, β (Lande and Arnold 1983). An estimate of the heritability of a sexually selected trait will not be accessible from a typical study of sexual selection within a breeding season, so it makes sense to focus on the selection differential rather than the response to selection. In other words, ...
Natural selection
... Speciation occurs when: •one species splits into two or more species; •one specie become a new species over time, as resulted from the changes in the allele frequencies in the genetic pool. Macroevolution depends on speciation. ...
... Speciation occurs when: •one species splits into two or more species; •one specie become a new species over time, as resulted from the changes in the allele frequencies in the genetic pool. Macroevolution depends on speciation. ...
The Growth of Structural and Functional Complexity
... depend on the degree of independence between the features included in the model and the ones that were not included. That degree of independence will be determined by the “objective” complexity of the system. Though we are in principle unable to build a complete model of a system, the introduction o ...
... depend on the degree of independence between the features included in the model and the ones that were not included. That degree of independence will be determined by the “objective” complexity of the system. Though we are in principle unable to build a complete model of a system, the introduction o ...
Speciation and Intra-Specific Taxa
... species by Mayr and Wright. Conventionally understood speciation is typically thought to be a slow event, accomplished over a few million years. However, there are many examples of rapid speciation that have taken place over centuries or, as in many plants, within the time-frame of one generation. A ...
... species by Mayr and Wright. Conventionally understood speciation is typically thought to be a slow event, accomplished over a few million years. However, there are many examples of rapid speciation that have taken place over centuries or, as in many plants, within the time-frame of one generation. A ...
When is it Selectively Advantageous to Have True Beliefs
... It is important to be clear about what believing the true and desiring the good means. If an organism believes the true, for example, it does not mean that the organism must have a true belief about the proposition in question in any given decision problem in which that proposition is used. Rather, ...
... It is important to be clear about what believing the true and desiring the good means. If an organism believes the true, for example, it does not mean that the organism must have a true belief about the proposition in question in any given decision problem in which that proposition is used. Rather, ...
What was Fisher`s fundamental theorem of natural selection and
... in selection’ (1898). Pearson’s theorem was a multiple correlation equation that enabled one to use tables of correlation to predict the composition of a population if some individuals were prevented from reproducing. However, the theorem was not very fruitful, since it required vast tables of genea ...
... in selection’ (1898). Pearson’s theorem was a multiple correlation equation that enabled one to use tables of correlation to predict the composition of a population if some individuals were prevented from reproducing. However, the theorem was not very fruitful, since it required vast tables of genea ...
Pollen limitation and its influence on natural selection through seed set
... selection was related to population-level PL, we plotted the absolute value of the strength of directional selection differentials and gradients (for the naturally pollinated treatment) obtained from the two studies. We also specifically evaluated how pollinator-mediated selection varied with PL in ...
... selection was related to population-level PL, we plotted the absolute value of the strength of directional selection differentials and gradients (for the naturally pollinated treatment) obtained from the two studies. We also specifically evaluated how pollinator-mediated selection varied with PL in ...
Punctuated equilibrium in fact and theory
... needless to say, is primarily an unconventional theory about the genesis of trends viewed as the fundamental feature of life’s history.) Trends had traditionally been depicted and explained, on the extrapolative model, as products of directional selection upon a population simply extended through ti ...
... needless to say, is primarily an unconventional theory about the genesis of trends viewed as the fundamental feature of life’s history.) Trends had traditionally been depicted and explained, on the extrapolative model, as products of directional selection upon a population simply extended through ti ...
Long live the Red Queen? Examining environmental influences on
... taxa has proved something of an enigma to biologists for many years (Bell, 1982). ...
... taxa has proved something of an enigma to biologists for many years (Bell, 1982). ...
Problems for Natural Selection as a Mechanism
... is not a mechanism in the sense of the new mechanistic philosophy, despite the fact that it initially seems like a plausible candidate. The authors state that “the new mechanistic philosophy has the broad aim of building a philosophical framework for understanding the nature and role of mechanisms i ...
... is not a mechanism in the sense of the new mechanistic philosophy, despite the fact that it initially seems like a plausible candidate. The authors state that “the new mechanistic philosophy has the broad aim of building a philosophical framework for understanding the nature and role of mechanisms i ...
Genetic correlations between adults and larvae in a marine fish
... partially depend on the body size of adult females. To our knowledge, existing measures of phenotypic correlations do not separate genetic resemblance from sizedependent maternal effects, and the actual magnitudes of size-dependent maternal effects are unclear. However, the presence of strong phenot ...
... partially depend on the body size of adult females. To our knowledge, existing measures of phenotypic correlations do not separate genetic resemblance from sizedependent maternal effects, and the actual magnitudes of size-dependent maternal effects are unclear. However, the presence of strong phenot ...
War and peace: social interactions in infections
... often well-described and tractable experimental systems for studying the ecology and evolution of social traits in real time, under both highly controlled conditions and in a ‘real-world context’, which for pathogens and parasites involves being exposed to the complex, changeable and hostile environ ...
... often well-described and tractable experimental systems for studying the ecology and evolution of social traits in real time, under both highly controlled conditions and in a ‘real-world context’, which for pathogens and parasites involves being exposed to the complex, changeable and hostile environ ...
Artificial Selection and Domestication: Modern Lessons from
... household pets, many of which differ from each other far more in external characters, habits, and instincts than do species in a state of nature. We have now to inquire whether there is any analogous process in nature, by which wild animals and plants can be permanently modified and new races or new ...
... household pets, many of which differ from each other far more in external characters, habits, and instincts than do species in a state of nature. We have now to inquire whether there is any analogous process in nature, by which wild animals and plants can be permanently modified and new races or new ...
Phenotypic plasticity in evolutionary rescue experiments
... relative fitness ( proportional contribution to the next generation, more commonly used in evolutionary genetics), because only the former affects demography. In practice, one can compute absolute fitness from the vital rates (ageor stage-specific survivals and fecundities) using standard life-histo ...
... relative fitness ( proportional contribution to the next generation, more commonly used in evolutionary genetics), because only the former affects demography. In practice, one can compute absolute fitness from the vital rates (ageor stage-specific survivals and fecundities) using standard life-histo ...
Philosophy of Science Matters - The Shifting Balance of Factors
... pragmatist is willing to accept as explanation-seeking. This explanation will address higher levels: for instance, population density, geography, migration patterns, mating strategies, and the like. The natural Hempelian response to this is to point out that, while there may not be any laws that app ...
... pragmatist is willing to accept as explanation-seeking. This explanation will address higher levels: for instance, population density, geography, migration patterns, mating strategies, and the like. The natural Hempelian response to this is to point out that, while there may not be any laws that app ...
Density cycles and an offspring quantity and quality game driven by
... evolutionary change in morph frequency (Fig. 1f) is necessarily one generation removed from the action of selection. Thus, the evolutionary lags in our model are analogous to time lags in ecological models that also promote stable cycles19. Every other generation, the cycle alternately favours large ...
... evolutionary change in morph frequency (Fig. 1f) is necessarily one generation removed from the action of selection. Thus, the evolutionary lags in our model are analogous to time lags in ecological models that also promote stable cycles19. Every other generation, the cycle alternately favours large ...