The Contribution of Selection and Genetic Constraints to Phenotypic
... the neutral model of divergence by comparing this corrected pattern of divergence with G. Any significant departure from the neutral expectation can then be interpreted as evidence for a constraining or diversifying force (i.e., stabilizing or disruptive selection), the specific nature of which can ...
... the neutral model of divergence by comparing this corrected pattern of divergence with G. Any significant departure from the neutral expectation can then be interpreted as evidence for a constraining or diversifying force (i.e., stabilizing or disruptive selection), the specific nature of which can ...
Parental Effects in Plantago Lanceolata LI: A Growth
... through the direct effects on juvenile traits. Therefore, in my experiment I measured both the direct and indirect effects of temperature on the juvenile life-history traits, seed weight and germination, and on the adult traits, growth and onset of reproduction. I also looked for evidence of paterna ...
... through the direct effects on juvenile traits. Therefore, in my experiment I measured both the direct and indirect effects of temperature on the juvenile life-history traits, seed weight and germination, and on the adult traits, growth and onset of reproduction. I also looked for evidence of paterna ...
Parallel trait adaptation across opposing thermal environments in
... change in the selected phenotype, the latter method, often called “experimental natural selection” (Garland and Rose 2009), allows ...
... change in the selected phenotype, the latter method, often called “experimental natural selection” (Garland and Rose 2009), allows ...
Evolutionary Response to Selection on Clutch Size in a Long‐Term
... ringed with a unique metal British Trust for Ornithology ring and a large numbered plastic (Darvic) ring that can be read in the field without having to recapture the bird. It was usually possible to identify the parents of each cygnet, but because the cygnets can switch broods, a small number of th ...
... ringed with a unique metal British Trust for Ornithology ring and a large numbered plastic (Darvic) ring that can be read in the field without having to recapture the bird. It was usually possible to identify the parents of each cygnet, but because the cygnets can switch broods, a small number of th ...
Aesthetic evolution by mate choice: Darwin`s really dangerous idea
... to be effective, I should repeat the same arguments over and over for a decade or more. Gradually, intellectual change will occur as the majority of the workers in the field realize that attempting to do science without a null hypothesis is underproductive at best, and unscientific or faith-based at ...
... to be effective, I should repeat the same arguments over and over for a decade or more. Gradually, intellectual change will occur as the majority of the workers in the field realize that attempting to do science without a null hypothesis is underproductive at best, and unscientific or faith-based at ...
Aesthetic evolution by mate choice: Darwin`s really dangerous idea
... to be effective, I should repeat the same arguments over and over for a decade or more. Gradually, intellectual change will occur as the majority of the workers in the field realize that attempting to do science without a null hypothesis is underproductive at best, and unscientific or faith-based at ...
... to be effective, I should repeat the same arguments over and over for a decade or more. Gradually, intellectual change will occur as the majority of the workers in the field realize that attempting to do science without a null hypothesis is underproductive at best, and unscientific or faith-based at ...
Culture, evolution and the puzzle of human cooperation
... the natural question: if cooperation is costly to the individual, why does anyone do it? Evolutionary biologists like Dawkins (1976) emphasize the logic through which natural selection produces ‘‘selfish genes’’. The logic suggests that genes that, on-average, cause their bearers (the individuals) to ...
... the natural question: if cooperation is costly to the individual, why does anyone do it? Evolutionary biologists like Dawkins (1976) emphasize the logic through which natural selection produces ‘‘selfish genes’’. The logic suggests that genes that, on-average, cause their bearers (the individuals) to ...
I`m Looking Over a White Striped Clover Case Study
... hypothesis is presented as a statement, not a question, and must be both testable (there must be some way to test if it is valid) and falsifiable (it must be possible to show that an incorrect hypothesis is false). Based on the data presented above and the differences in habitat between Minnesota an ...
... hypothesis is presented as a statement, not a question, and must be both testable (there must be some way to test if it is valid) and falsifiable (it must be possible to show that an incorrect hypothesis is false). Based on the data presented above and the differences in habitat between Minnesota an ...
empirical evidence for bet hedging Modes of response to
... provides such an alternative: rather than adaptation to specific or predictable environmental changes, bet hedging may be thought of as adaptation to unpredictability or to change itself [23]. ...
... provides such an alternative: rather than adaptation to specific or predictable environmental changes, bet hedging may be thought of as adaptation to unpredictability or to change itself [23]. ...
Predator-Prey
... and the sometimes all too personal familiarity with what it is like to be caught in one, has led biologists to apply this perspective to a wide array of evolutionary interactions between natural enemies. However, the degree of reciprocity and details of selection vary among antagonistic interactions ...
... and the sometimes all too personal familiarity with what it is like to be caught in one, has led biologists to apply this perspective to a wide array of evolutionary interactions between natural enemies. However, the degree of reciprocity and details of selection vary among antagonistic interactions ...
Article The Relationship between dN/dS and Scaled Selection
... (Rodrigue et al. 2000; Robinson et al. 2003; Thorne et al. 2007; Scherrer et al. 2012; Meyer and Wilke 2013). This flexibility, along with accessible software implementations (Kosakovsky Pond et al. 2005; Yang 2007; Delport et al. 2010), makes dN/dS-based models an attractive analysis choice. On the ...
... (Rodrigue et al. 2000; Robinson et al. 2003; Thorne et al. 2007; Scherrer et al. 2012; Meyer and Wilke 2013). This flexibility, along with accessible software implementations (Kosakovsky Pond et al. 2005; Yang 2007; Delport et al. 2010), makes dN/dS-based models an attractive analysis choice. On the ...
Evolutionary Connectionism: Algorithmic Principles Underlying the
... molecules, to chromosomes, to simple cells, to multi-organelle eukaryote cells, to multicellular organisms, to eusocial groups. These are not just changes in the characteristics of an existing evolutionary entity, but the result of changes to the reproductive relationships between evolutionary entit ...
... molecules, to chromosomes, to simple cells, to multi-organelle eukaryote cells, to multicellular organisms, to eusocial groups. These are not just changes in the characteristics of an existing evolutionary entity, but the result of changes to the reproductive relationships between evolutionary entit ...
The Natures of Selection
... the probability that a population will change in various different ways. One disanalogy with classic Newtonian systems concerns how an evolving population needs to be altered in order to remove forces from it. In Newtonian cases, we remove forces by removing material bodies. But in a finite evolving ...
... the probability that a population will change in various different ways. One disanalogy with classic Newtonian systems concerns how an evolving population needs to be altered in order to remove forces from it. In Newtonian cases, we remove forces by removing material bodies. But in a finite evolving ...
Fitness variation in response to artificial selection for reduced cell
... body size clines in more than one Drosophila species, and the repeatability of laboratory thermal selection, the actual selective mechanisms controlling the genetic basis of body size variation are not fully understood. The cellular basis of body size variation has been extensively examined to gain ...
... body size clines in more than one Drosophila species, and the repeatability of laboratory thermal selection, the actual selective mechanisms controlling the genetic basis of body size variation are not fully understood. The cellular basis of body size variation has been extensively examined to gain ...
Koinophilia - Current Science
... mutations are lethal, no special aids are needed to eliminate them – natural selection removes them almost as quickly as they arise. But when mutations are only mildly disadvantageous, natural selection allows them to linger and therefore accumulate over many generations. Koinophilia however prevent ...
... mutations are lethal, no special aids are needed to eliminate them – natural selection removes them almost as quickly as they arise. But when mutations are only mildly disadvantageous, natural selection allows them to linger and therefore accumulate over many generations. Koinophilia however prevent ...
Stabilizing multicellularity through ratcheting
... lineages within a single multicellular entity does not disrupt the integrity of the group. Indeed, multicellular organisms are rife with the potential for such conflict, which in animals manifests as cancer [33]. Several mechanisms that limit within-organism variation, and thus limit the potential f ...
... lineages within a single multicellular entity does not disrupt the integrity of the group. Indeed, multicellular organisms are rife with the potential for such conflict, which in animals manifests as cancer [33]. Several mechanisms that limit within-organism variation, and thus limit the potential f ...
Stabilizing multicellularity through ratcheting
... lineages within a single multicellular entity does not disrupt the integrity of the group. Indeed, multicellular organisms are rife with the potential for such conflict, which in animals manifests as cancer [33]. Several mechanisms that limit within-organism variation, and thus limit the potential f ...
... lineages within a single multicellular entity does not disrupt the integrity of the group. Indeed, multicellular organisms are rife with the potential for such conflict, which in animals manifests as cancer [33]. Several mechanisms that limit within-organism variation, and thus limit the potential f ...
Philosophy of Science, 69 (September 2002) pp
... species and can select for behavioral isolation in incipient species. It works also for cultural evolution if those who partially assimilate are discriminated against by parent populations or otherwise disadvantaged. Such selection can be mediated in many ways by diverse cultural mechanisms. It is w ...
... species and can select for behavioral isolation in incipient species. It works also for cultural evolution if those who partially assimilate are discriminated against by parent populations or otherwise disadvantaged. Such selection can be mediated in many ways by diverse cultural mechanisms. It is w ...
Canalization, Genetic Assimilation and Preadaptation: A
... in this way, it could become a target of genetic assimilation whenever some appropriate varying factor of the environment becomes more stable. In fact, in the new situation, there is a selective advantage for the genotypes that more reliably express the particular state of the trait that is most ade ...
... in this way, it could become a target of genetic assimilation whenever some appropriate varying factor of the environment becomes more stable. In fact, in the new situation, there is a selective advantage for the genotypes that more reliably express the particular state of the trait that is most ade ...
Probabilistic causation and the explanatory role of natural selection
... two very different and not implied explananda. The difference between selective propagation and selective maintenance comes from the difference between positive and negative (=purifying) selection (both generally indistinctly represented by the common metaphor of the sieve, e.g., Dawkins, 1986). Nat ...
... two very different and not implied explananda. The difference between selective propagation and selective maintenance comes from the difference between positive and negative (=purifying) selection (both generally indistinctly represented by the common metaphor of the sieve, e.g., Dawkins, 1986). Nat ...
Drift and “Statistically Abstractive Explanation”
... evolutionary process – deterministic when no other “force” is operating. In finite populations, he says, drift interferes with and opposes the drive to the deterministic outcome. This is why we get variant outcomes. Now, Sober is clearly not saying just that genotype frequencies depart from expected ...
... evolutionary process – deterministic when no other “force” is operating. In finite populations, he says, drift interferes with and opposes the drive to the deterministic outcome. This is why we get variant outcomes. Now, Sober is clearly not saying just that genotype frequencies depart from expected ...
Evolution of Cooperation in a Heterogeneous Graph: Fixation
... It has been shown that natural selection favors cooperation in a homogenous graph if the benefit-to-cost ratio exceeds the degree of the graph. However, most graphs related to interactions in real populations are heterogeneous, in which some individuals have many more neighbors than others. In this ...
... It has been shown that natural selection favors cooperation in a homogenous graph if the benefit-to-cost ratio exceeds the degree of the graph. However, most graphs related to interactions in real populations are heterogeneous, in which some individuals have many more neighbors than others. In this ...
DETECTING CRYPTIC INDIRECT GENETIC EFFECTS
... Baldwin 1896). Chief among these is the fact that when two individual animals interact, the expression of a trait involved in the social interaction such as a behavior, a physiological response, or a morphological change, may depend on the phenotypic value of a trait expressed by the interacting par ...
... Baldwin 1896). Chief among these is the fact that when two individual animals interact, the expression of a trait involved in the social interaction such as a behavior, a physiological response, or a morphological change, may depend on the phenotypic value of a trait expressed by the interacting par ...
Lecture V: Natural Selection & Adaptations
... A. Organisms are also adapted in their responses to the environment. B. Birds migrate in search of food, squirrels hunt and store nuts, wolves track their prey, C. Such responses are examples of behavioral adaptations. ...
... A. Organisms are also adapted in their responses to the environment. B. Birds migrate in search of food, squirrels hunt and store nuts, wolves track their prey, C. Such responses are examples of behavioral adaptations. ...
A framework for comparing processes of speciation in the
... of an allele, not of a gene. It is possible for one allelic substitution in a gene to influence two traits, while others influence only one of the traits, or neither. Thus, referring to ‘pleiotropic genes’ (e.g. Servedio et al. 2011) is potentially misleading. Similarly, the fact that a particular a ...
... of an allele, not of a gene. It is possible for one allelic substitution in a gene to influence two traits, while others influence only one of the traits, or neither. Thus, referring to ‘pleiotropic genes’ (e.g. Servedio et al. 2011) is potentially misleading. Similarly, the fact that a particular a ...