Evolution through the Search for Novelty
... the baseline performance when the behavior characterization is only the final point visited is shown as a separate line. The dimensionality of the behavioral characterization is twice the number of samples because a location is composed of x and y coordinates. Each point represents the average of 40 ...
... the baseline performance when the behavior characterization is only the final point visited is shown as a separate line. The dimensionality of the behavioral characterization is twice the number of samples because a location is composed of x and y coordinates. Each point represents the average of 40 ...
MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION IN CORAL SNAKE MIMICRY
... represent several lines of inquiry into the weird phenomenon of Batesian mimicry (Bates 1862; reviewed in Ruxton et al. 2004), which provides a convenient way of addressing these questions. This convenience stems from the nature of a Batesian mimicry complex, which involves the evolution of one sign ...
... represent several lines of inquiry into the weird phenomenon of Batesian mimicry (Bates 1862; reviewed in Ruxton et al. 2004), which provides a convenient way of addressing these questions. This convenience stems from the nature of a Batesian mimicry complex, which involves the evolution of one sign ...
Worksheets - cloudfront.net
... _____ 1. A hypothesis must be based on scientific knowledge. _____ 2. A scientific theory is a guess about how or why something happens. _____ 3. Scientists make predictions that tell what will happen under any and all conditions. _____ 4. The scientific method includes the steps involved in a scien ...
... _____ 1. A hypothesis must be based on scientific knowledge. _____ 2. A scientific theory is a guess about how or why something happens. _____ 3. Scientists make predictions that tell what will happen under any and all conditions. _____ 4. The scientific method includes the steps involved in a scien ...
Workbook biology dragonfly text
... The basic unit of matter is the atom. The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons have about the same mass. Protons are positively charged particles (+), and neutrons carry no charge. Protons and neutrons together form the nucleus, at the cen ...
... The basic unit of matter is the atom. The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons have about the same mass. Protons are positively charged particles (+), and neutrons carry no charge. Protons and neutrons together form the nucleus, at the cen ...
Prentice hall Biology Worksheets
... The basic unit of matter is the atom. The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons have about the same mass. Protons are positively charged particles (+), and neutrons carry no charge. Protons and neutrons together form the nucleus, at the cen ...
... The basic unit of matter is the atom. The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons have about the same mass. Protons are positively charged particles (+), and neutrons carry no charge. Protons and neutrons together form the nucleus, at the cen ...
Section Summaries With IPC Review • Concise two
... 16–1 Genes and Variation..................................................................................325 ...
... 16–1 Genes and Variation..................................................................................325 ...
In Cold Blood: The Evolution of Psychopathy
... neurophysiological substrates) will ultimately be de-emphasized in favor of the other. Though it appears that the externalizing, behavioral horse has a small lead in this race, is not yet clear which path empirical and theoretical development will take and what the final result will be. In the follo ...
... neurophysiological substrates) will ultimately be de-emphasized in favor of the other. Though it appears that the externalizing, behavioral horse has a small lead in this race, is not yet clear which path empirical and theoretical development will take and what the final result will be. In the follo ...
The operator hierarchy, a chain of closures linking matter, life
... the intuitive notion that lower level objects are ‘taking part’ in the organisation of higher level objects; that is, atoms take part in the organisation of molecules, which take part in organelles, which take part in cells, and so forth. Upon closer look, however, the latter examples of rankings we ...
... the intuitive notion that lower level objects are ‘taking part’ in the organisation of higher level objects; that is, atoms take part in the organisation of molecules, which take part in organelles, which take part in cells, and so forth. Upon closer look, however, the latter examples of rankings we ...
Nietzsche`s Aesthetic Critique of Darwin Charles H. Pence
... which Nietzsche notes that, during the evolution of some particular characteristic in an organism, it is frequently the case that said characteristic isn’t useful during the organism’s development – and further, it isn’t even clear what is meant by “useful” in such contexts. Both of these were very ...
... which Nietzsche notes that, during the evolution of some particular characteristic in an organism, it is frequently the case that said characteristic isn’t useful during the organism’s development – and further, it isn’t even clear what is meant by “useful” in such contexts. Both of these were very ...
Escherichia coli and Antibiotic Resistance to Tetracycline Antibiotics
... incubated at the right temperature (thus keeping it in the log phase of growth) are able to duplicate their chromosomal DNA and split into two new cells every 20 minutes. One should be able to see the effects of evolution on an experimental time scale due to the rapid generation time if evolutionary ...
... incubated at the right temperature (thus keeping it in the log phase of growth) are able to duplicate their chromosomal DNA and split into two new cells every 20 minutes. One should be able to see the effects of evolution on an experimental time scale due to the rapid generation time if evolutionary ...
Is Organismic Fitness at the Basis of Evolutionary Theory?
... note at the end of this section, these three definitions are often interchanged with one another. Despite the fact that these definitions are often treated as terminological variants, we suggest that they are in fact in profound tension, and their being used interchangeably is deeply problematic. Th ...
... note at the end of this section, these three definitions are often interchanged with one another. Despite the fact that these definitions are often treated as terminological variants, we suggest that they are in fact in profound tension, and their being used interchangeably is deeply problematic. Th ...
Evolution of Preferences - Northwestern University
... equilibrium. These results are consistent with those in Ely and Yilankaya (2001) and Ok and Vega-Redondo (2001) who also studied general preference evolution with no observability. 5. While Ok and Vega-Redondo (2001) do not directly allow for different assumptions on observability, some aspects of t ...
... equilibrium. These results are consistent with those in Ely and Yilankaya (2001) and Ok and Vega-Redondo (2001) who also studied general preference evolution with no observability. 5. While Ok and Vega-Redondo (2001) do not directly allow for different assumptions on observability, some aspects of t ...
Thesis - Paleoanthropology Society
... enough to enjoy the support of a great group of friends, the rare kind of people who are as sharp in the classroom as they are fun at the Tap Room. So, to Seth, Jon, Scott, and Boley: thanks for all the good times. I also feel fortunate to have had the opportunity to work with such a knowledgeable a ...
... enough to enjoy the support of a great group of friends, the rare kind of people who are as sharp in the classroom as they are fun at the Tap Room. So, to Seth, Jon, Scott, and Boley: thanks for all the good times. I also feel fortunate to have had the opportunity to work with such a knowledgeable a ...
From the "Modern Synthesis" to cybernetics: Ivan Ivanovich
... of the ‘‘Modern Synthesis’’ in evolutionary biology. He is widely cited internationally even today. Schmalhausen developed the main principles of his theory facing the danger of death in the totalitarian Soviet Union. His great services to evolutionary and theoretical biology are indisputable. Howev ...
... of the ‘‘Modern Synthesis’’ in evolutionary biology. He is widely cited internationally even today. Schmalhausen developed the main principles of his theory facing the danger of death in the totalitarian Soviet Union. His great services to evolutionary and theoretical biology are indisputable. Howev ...
books/Wallace/Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man, and
... many other investigators') interest in such contact phenomena was that there appeared to be no other avenue through which the subject could be explored objectively.24 Wallace's recognition of the principle of natural selection in 1858 had forced him into the unanticipated role of celebrity. There is ...
... many other investigators') interest in such contact phenomena was that there appeared to be no other avenue through which the subject could be explored objectively.24 Wallace's recognition of the principle of natural selection in 1858 had forced him into the unanticipated role of celebrity. There is ...
convergence, recurrence and diversification of
... or DAPI). To confirm the presence or absence of conjugation, sperm found in the female sperm-storage organs were also examined when female specimens were available (the majority of species). Sperm were visualized and imaged using dark-field and epifluorescence microscopy (100×–400× as appropriate fo ...
... or DAPI). To confirm the presence or absence of conjugation, sperm found in the female sperm-storage organs were also examined when female specimens were available (the majority of species). Sperm were visualized and imaged using dark-field and epifluorescence microscopy (100×–400× as appropriate fo ...
Protists and Fungi
... generally grouped together because, although they share some features with animals, plants, and fungi, they also lack one or more traits that would place them in any of these three kingdoms. Protists may be single-celled or multicellular, microscopic or very large. They have different ways of moving ...
... generally grouped together because, although they share some features with animals, plants, and fungi, they also lack one or more traits that would place them in any of these three kingdoms. Protists may be single-celled or multicellular, microscopic or very large. They have different ways of moving ...
Recurrent gene duplication leads to diverse repertoires of
... providing the foundation for genetic inheritance. Paradoxically, centromeric proteins evolve rapidly despite being essential in many organisms. We have previously proposed that this rapid evolution is due to genetic conflict in female meiosis in which centromere alleles of varying strength compete f ...
... providing the foundation for genetic inheritance. Paradoxically, centromeric proteins evolve rapidly despite being essential in many organisms. We have previously proposed that this rapid evolution is due to genetic conflict in female meiosis in which centromere alleles of varying strength compete f ...
Linking genetic change to community evolution:
... populations, allowing rapid evolutionary change and the opportunity to study communities on both ecological and evolutionary time scales. Moreover, both environmental and genetic variables can be experimentally manipulated with relative ease in laboratory communities of microbes. Many microbes can b ...
... populations, allowing rapid evolutionary change and the opportunity to study communities on both ecological and evolutionary time scales. Moreover, both environmental and genetic variables can be experimentally manipulated with relative ease in laboratory communities of microbes. Many microbes can b ...
Haeckel: legacy of fraud to popularise evolution
... ‘… surely exerted more influence than the this context. One year before von Baer died it seems that works of any other scientist, including Darwin Darwin still did not even own his works.10 and Huxley (by Huxley’s own frank admission), The year 1859 saw the publication of Darwin’s The in convincing ...
... ‘… surely exerted more influence than the this context. One year before von Baer died it seems that works of any other scientist, including Darwin Darwin still did not even own his works.10 and Huxley (by Huxley’s own frank admission), The year 1859 saw the publication of Darwin’s The in convincing ...
An Introduction to phylum Tardigrada - Review
... Tardigrades have been reported to exist in hot springs, on top of the Himalayan Mountains, under thick layers of ice in polar caps, and in ocean bed rock sediments. Many species are found in much milder environments such as meadows, ponds and lakes. They are mostly observed in moist environments, bu ...
... Tardigrades have been reported to exist in hot springs, on top of the Himalayan Mountains, under thick layers of ice in polar caps, and in ocean bed rock sediments. Many species are found in much milder environments such as meadows, ponds and lakes. They are mostly observed in moist environments, bu ...
The Poetics of Science in, and around, Nabokov`s The Gift
... frequently can be metaphorical ones: the word “mimicry” itself is metaphorical, implying a degree of volition on the part of the copying creature. The metaphoric tendency is redoubled when we discover Konstantin Kirillovich’s synonyms for mimicry: “nature’s rhymes,” “family jokes.” When a creature m ...
... frequently can be metaphorical ones: the word “mimicry” itself is metaphorical, implying a degree of volition on the part of the copying creature. The metaphoric tendency is redoubled when we discover Konstantin Kirillovich’s synonyms for mimicry: “nature’s rhymes,” “family jokes.” When a creature m ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.