Instinct in the `50s: The British Reception of Konrad - Philsci
... Lorenz and Haldane In the mid 1950s, Haldane published two pieces bearing on the origin of key concepts in ethology in the British Journal for Animal Behaviour (BJAB). The first was a brief introduction to an article by the animal psychologist Douglas Spalding, originally published in Macmillan’s Ma ...
... Lorenz and Haldane In the mid 1950s, Haldane published two pieces bearing on the origin of key concepts in ethology in the British Journal for Animal Behaviour (BJAB). The first was a brief introduction to an article by the animal psychologist Douglas Spalding, originally published in Macmillan’s Ma ...
Increasing Evolvability without the Pressure to Adapt
... increasing evolvability [1]. Although the cause of such increase is still debated, most candidate explanations for evolvability rely on selection pressure [1–8], reflecting natural selection’s significant explanatory power in other contexts. For example, selection on mutation or recombination rates ...
... increasing evolvability [1]. Although the cause of such increase is still debated, most candidate explanations for evolvability rely on selection pressure [1–8], reflecting natural selection’s significant explanatory power in other contexts. For example, selection on mutation or recombination rates ...
Alfred Russel Wallace
... education at a grammar school run by a headmaster described by his student as “a rather irascible little man named Clement Henry Crutwell.”7 Alfred’s instruction in Latin grammar and the other standard classics of the day, lessons instilled with judicious canings, knuckle-raps, and ear-boxings, conc ...
... education at a grammar school run by a headmaster described by his student as “a rather irascible little man named Clement Henry Crutwell.”7 Alfred’s instruction in Latin grammar and the other standard classics of the day, lessons instilled with judicious canings, knuckle-raps, and ear-boxings, conc ...
The evolution of conspecific gamete precedence and its effect on
... precedence, arising as a byproduct of divergence in allopatry (females disproportionally use conspecific sperm), we are primarily concerned in this study with the evolution of conspecific gamete precedence via adaptive mechanisms. We therefore refer to interactions between the B and C loci as ‘gamet ...
... precedence, arising as a byproduct of divergence in allopatry (females disproportionally use conspecific sperm), we are primarily concerned in this study with the evolution of conspecific gamete precedence via adaptive mechanisms. We therefore refer to interactions between the B and C loci as ‘gamet ...
Epigenetic Inheritance and Its Role in Evolutionary Biology: Re
... (perhaps simplistic) conceptual framework that differentiates between the use of “epigenetics” to describe intragenerational phenomena and its use to describe transgenerational phenomena. This straightforward dichotomy allows us to leave somewhat in the background the voluminous literature on the in ...
... (perhaps simplistic) conceptual framework that differentiates between the use of “epigenetics” to describe intragenerational phenomena and its use to describe transgenerational phenomena. This straightforward dichotomy allows us to leave somewhat in the background the voluminous literature on the in ...
Generative Replication and the Evolution of Complexity
... To be sure, it was a gun that had been used 60 years before in the Boer wars. At that time, it was important to hold the horses during gun fire, but by the 1940s the horses were long gone. Had the old colonel not been around, it is doubtful if anyone would have understood what happened. Even while t ...
... To be sure, it was a gun that had been used 60 years before in the Boer wars. At that time, it was important to hold the horses during gun fire, but by the 1940s the horses were long gone. Had the old colonel not been around, it is doubtful if anyone would have understood what happened. Even while t ...
THE SPECIES PROBLEM
... which for them, as for typologists, are characters arranged hierarchically and defining as hierarchically arranged taxa, some of which (at certain level of hierarchy) are the species. Richard L. Mayden’s chapter gives an interesting and quite emotional consideration of sev‐ eral topics concerning mi ...
... which for them, as for typologists, are characters arranged hierarchically and defining as hierarchically arranged taxa, some of which (at certain level of hierarchy) are the species. Richard L. Mayden’s chapter gives an interesting and quite emotional consideration of sev‐ eral topics concerning mi ...
Free Sample
... OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge | Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension TOP: 1.0 WHY IT MATTERS 2. It is through ____ that we further our knowledge of living things. a. ideologies b. biological research c. philosophy d. ethics e. logic ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge | Bloom's Ta ...
... OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge | Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension TOP: 1.0 WHY IT MATTERS 2. It is through ____ that we further our knowledge of living things. a. ideologies b. biological research c. philosophy d. ethics e. logic ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge | Bloom's Ta ...
www.studyguide.pk
... result of co-operative activities of groups and individuals and that biological science transcends national boundaries; that the study and practice of Biology are subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and limitations; that the implications of biological science ...
... result of co-operative activities of groups and individuals and that biological science transcends national boundaries; that the study and practice of Biology are subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and limitations; that the implications of biological science ...
Fleeming Jenkin and "The Origin of Species"
... By 1888, swamping was being described as the 'celebrated difficulty' of Darwinian evolution, 'first forcibly pointed out by the late Professor Fleeming Jenkin'.17 Vernon Kellogg, in 1907, illustrated the swamping problem with a mathematical example patterned on Jenkin's, although not mentioning him ...
... By 1888, swamping was being described as the 'celebrated difficulty' of Darwinian evolution, 'first forcibly pointed out by the late Professor Fleeming Jenkin'.17 Vernon Kellogg, in 1907, illustrated the swamping problem with a mathematical example patterned on Jenkin's, although not mentioning him ...
Ecological Speciation
... Ecological Speciation in Nature Threespine stickleback fish, with their diverse populations adapted to different habitats, had provided a number of examples of how adaptive divergence can promote ecological speciation [24, 25]. Indeed, work on this group has fundamentally shaped our modern understandi ...
... Ecological Speciation in Nature Threespine stickleback fish, with their diverse populations adapted to different habitats, had provided a number of examples of how adaptive divergence can promote ecological speciation [24, 25]. Indeed, work on this group has fundamentally shaped our modern understandi ...
General Biology II
... 13.2 Explain why individuals cannot evolve and why evolution does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. 13.3 Describe two examples of natural selection known to occur in nature. Note two key points about how natural selection works. 13.4 Explain how fossils form, noting examples of each process. ...
... 13.2 Explain why individuals cannot evolve and why evolution does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. 13.3 Describe two examples of natural selection known to occur in nature. Note two key points about how natural selection works. 13.4 Explain how fossils form, noting examples of each process. ...
Wallace: the Review, and Wallace: the Preview - TopSCHOLAR
... he come to reject, and why? This complex issue is taken up in part in a new study by Costa (Costa 2013), but his discussion does not address one of what I feel to be the most important elements involved. In the 1840s and early 1850s, Wallace was much more the disciple of another man than he was Char ...
... he come to reject, and why? This complex issue is taken up in part in a new study by Costa (Costa 2013), but his discussion does not address one of what I feel to be the most important elements involved. In the 1840s and early 1850s, Wallace was much more the disciple of another man than he was Char ...
Document
... What kind of free-living nematodes have a large position in decomposition, and recycling? These nematodes are also extremely sensitive to pollution. ...
... What kind of free-living nematodes have a large position in decomposition, and recycling? These nematodes are also extremely sensitive to pollution. ...
Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species
... and, most important, present well-balanced, well-written accounts that integrate the most recent scholarship in the field. The topics were chosen by an advisory board composed of historians, high school history teachers, and school librarians to support the curriculum and meet student research needs ...
... and, most important, present well-balanced, well-written accounts that integrate the most recent scholarship in the field. The topics were chosen by an advisory board composed of historians, high school history teachers, and school librarians to support the curriculum and meet student research needs ...
earth science - Augusta County Public Schools
... Studies of the amounts of each DNA base in different organisms led to the concept of complementary basepairing. Genetic information encoded in the DNA molecules provides instructions for assembling protein molecules. The genetic code is the same for all life ...
... Studies of the amounts of each DNA base in different organisms led to the concept of complementary basepairing. Genetic information encoded in the DNA molecules provides instructions for assembling protein molecules. The genetic code is the same for all life ...
Is spatial occurrence of microsatellites in the genome a determinant
... and can make secondary structures stable enough to cause a polymerase slippage at these points. If two microsatellites with same motif are present in the vicinity of each other but in the opposite orientation, so as to make inverted repeats, they form a structure that can stall the DNA replication p ...
... and can make secondary structures stable enough to cause a polymerase slippage at these points. If two microsatellites with same motif are present in the vicinity of each other but in the opposite orientation, so as to make inverted repeats, they form a structure that can stall the DNA replication p ...
Introduction to Physical Anthropology - Study Guide
... Anthropology Sub-fields: Identify all. Scientific Method: Describe theory, hypothesis, and hypothesis testing. ...
... Anthropology Sub-fields: Identify all. Scientific Method: Describe theory, hypothesis, and hypothesis testing. ...
Boundless Study Slides
... • analogous when similar similar physical features occur in organisms because of environmental constraints and not due to a close evolutionary relationship • ancestral of, pertaining to, derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors; as, an ancestral estate • basal taxon a lineage, display ...
... • analogous when similar similar physical features occur in organisms because of environmental constraints and not due to a close evolutionary relationship • ancestral of, pertaining to, derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors; as, an ancestral estate • basal taxon a lineage, display ...
Cyclostome embryology and early evolutionary history of vertebrates
... Synopsis Modern agnathans include only two groups, the lampreys and the hagfish, that collectively comprise the group Cyclostomata. Although accumulating molecular data support the cyclostomes as a monophyletic group, there remain some unsettled questions regarding the evolutionary relationships of ...
... Synopsis Modern agnathans include only two groups, the lampreys and the hagfish, that collectively comprise the group Cyclostomata. Although accumulating molecular data support the cyclostomes as a monophyletic group, there remain some unsettled questions regarding the evolutionary relationships of ...
An Analysis of Predator Selection to Affect Aposematic Coloration in
... and in different populations opposing expressions of a signal may be of selective advantage. Interactions of natural selection with sexual selection and stochastic processes might furthermore contribute to divergent evolution of phenotypic traits among different populations of a species. For example ...
... and in different populations opposing expressions of a signal may be of selective advantage. Interactions of natural selection with sexual selection and stochastic processes might furthermore contribute to divergent evolution of phenotypic traits among different populations of a species. For example ...
Biology 30 June 2000 Grade 12 Diploma Examinations
... Research has shown that although interneurons in the spinal cord make proteins that inhibit regeneration of damaged axons, peripheral nerve axons can regenerate. ...
... Research has shown that although interneurons in the spinal cord make proteins that inhibit regeneration of damaged axons, peripheral nerve axons can regenerate. ...
American Naturalist 176(6)
... specialization fails to evolve (Rodrı́guez-Gironés and Llandres 2008). It is unclear why pollen quantity affects specialization and whether results are generalizable beyond orchids, given that most flowers produce many loose grains of pollen. In this article, we develop individual-based models with ...
... specialization fails to evolve (Rodrı́guez-Gironés and Llandres 2008). It is unclear why pollen quantity affects specialization and whether results are generalizable beyond orchids, given that most flowers produce many loose grains of pollen. In this article, we develop individual-based models with ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.