Repeatable Population Dynamics among Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
... ordinary viruses to numerically recover (i.e., invade when initially rare) and the cycle repeats (Huang, 1973). Importantly, this oscillating dynamic (negative frequency-dependent selection) can be revealed by obtaining samples from the virus population through time, and enumerating only the ordinar ...
... ordinary viruses to numerically recover (i.e., invade when initially rare) and the cycle repeats (Huang, 1973). Importantly, this oscillating dynamic (negative frequency-dependent selection) can be revealed by obtaining samples from the virus population through time, and enumerating only the ordinar ...
What Is Migration? - Oxford Academic
... process, whereas the remaining three types describe outcomes (for individuals or populations) of locomotory activity by individuals. Third, types 2 and 3, but not 1 and 4, invoke a time or spatial scale. The process-versus-outcome distinction lies at the heart of the debate among entomologists about ...
... process, whereas the remaining three types describe outcomes (for individuals or populations) of locomotory activity by individuals. Third, types 2 and 3, but not 1 and 4, invoke a time or spatial scale. The process-versus-outcome distinction lies at the heart of the debate among entomologists about ...
Descent with Modification
... Darwin did field research. At age 22, he signed onto the HMS Beagle. In the Galapagos islands, he collected many specimens. He published his conclusions only reluctantly, and decades later. ...
... Darwin did field research. At age 22, he signed onto the HMS Beagle. In the Galapagos islands, he collected many specimens. He published his conclusions only reluctantly, and decades later. ...
INDICATE UNITS COMPLETED SO THAT CROSSROADS CAN
... Quiz Answers Lab: Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Warm-Up Get ready for the lesson. Instruction What is the effect of the genes of the parental mice on the fur color of the offspring mice? Virtual Lab Explore the relationship between genotype and phenotype with a virtual experiment. Wet Lab Explore the r ...
... Quiz Answers Lab: Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Warm-Up Get ready for the lesson. Instruction What is the effect of the genes of the parental mice on the fur color of the offspring mice? Virtual Lab Explore the relationship between genotype and phenotype with a virtual experiment. Wet Lab Explore the r ...
The Chances of Evolution: An Analysis of the Roles of Chance in
... respectively. Random drift receives greater attention than the other areas for three reasons: 1) Random drift is often considered to be the source of stochasticity within evolutionary theory, at least by American philosophers and biologists; 2) random drift has been the subject of much recent discus ...
... respectively. Random drift receives greater attention than the other areas for three reasons: 1) Random drift is often considered to be the source of stochasticity within evolutionary theory, at least by American philosophers and biologists; 2) random drift has been the subject of much recent discus ...
Homology and Heterochrony
... the basis for the evolution of derived chordates and vertebrates. Based on his earlier observations, Garstang discussed in detail how a generalized protochordate can be derived by paedomorphosis from an echinoderm larva (the auricularia larva), where the protochordate neural folds are derived from t ...
... the basis for the evolution of derived chordates and vertebrates. Based on his earlier observations, Garstang discussed in detail how a generalized protochordate can be derived by paedomorphosis from an echinoderm larva (the auricularia larva), where the protochordate neural folds are derived from t ...
Journal of Zoology
... related, through body mass, but we do not know whether they are coded by the same or different sets of genes. We emphasize that the correlation between mass-specific BMR and mass does not have to be confounded by autocorrelation because mass-specific BMR is commonly used as a single trait (related to ...
... related, through body mass, but we do not know whether they are coded by the same or different sets of genes. We emphasize that the correlation between mass-specific BMR and mass does not have to be confounded by autocorrelation because mass-specific BMR is commonly used as a single trait (related to ...
speciation on the coasts of the new world: phylogeography
... Abstract. Beginning with E. Mayr’s study in 1954, tropical sea urchins have played an important role in studies of speciation in the sea, but what are the processes of cladogenesis and divergence that give rise to new species in this group? We attempt to answer this question in the genus Lytechinus. ...
... Abstract. Beginning with E. Mayr’s study in 1954, tropical sea urchins have played an important role in studies of speciation in the sea, but what are the processes of cladogenesis and divergence that give rise to new species in this group? We attempt to answer this question in the genus Lytechinus. ...
Dioecy is associated with higher diversification rates - GEPV
... clade comparisons; preliminary results, using a data set available in the litterature, indicated that dioecious clades migth diversify more than expected. However, it is crucial for this new test to distinguish between ancestral and derived cases of dioecy, a criterion that was not taken into accoun ...
... clade comparisons; preliminary results, using a data set available in the litterature, indicated that dioecious clades migth diversify more than expected. However, it is crucial for this new test to distinguish between ancestral and derived cases of dioecy, a criterion that was not taken into accoun ...
biology syllabus
... Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides. ...
... Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides. ...
Hamilton`s rule
... In an incendiary 2010 Nature article, M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita and E. O. Wilson present a savage critique of the best known and most widely used framework for the study of social evolution, W. D. Hamilton’s theory of kin selection. Over a hundred biologists have since rallied to the theory’s defen ...
... In an incendiary 2010 Nature article, M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita and E. O. Wilson present a savage critique of the best known and most widely used framework for the study of social evolution, W. D. Hamilton’s theory of kin selection. Over a hundred biologists have since rallied to the theory’s defen ...
Chapter 7
... • What Is a Species? A species is a group of organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring. A characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment is called an adaptation. ...
... • What Is a Species? A species is a group of organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring. A characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment is called an adaptation. ...
Chapter C5
... Passage 2 You know from experience that individuals in a population are not exactly the same. If you look around the room, you will see a lot of differences among your classmates. You may have even noticed that no two dogs or two cats are exactly the same. No two individuals have exactly the same ad ...
... Passage 2 You know from experience that individuals in a population are not exactly the same. If you look around the room, you will see a lot of differences among your classmates. You may have even noticed that no two dogs or two cats are exactly the same. No two individuals have exactly the same ad ...
Adaptive landscapes - BOA Bicocca Open Archive
... intended as articulation between ways of looking, each typical of some disciplinary fields (and not others); and that pluralism is not easy “anything goes”, demanding rigor and imagination, exercise and flexibility. Eldredge’s ideas on the Modern Synthesis, an “unfinished synthesis” (1985), were ano ...
... intended as articulation between ways of looking, each typical of some disciplinary fields (and not others); and that pluralism is not easy “anything goes”, demanding rigor and imagination, exercise and flexibility. Eldredge’s ideas on the Modern Synthesis, an “unfinished synthesis” (1985), were ano ...
The Evolution of Aging 3
... correct and that any valid deviation is “impossible.” This book presents the case that Darwin was perhaps 99 percent correct. Digital genetics analysis and other evidence suggest that minor adjustments to Darwin’s theory are necessary. Although these changes have little effect on our general underst ...
... correct and that any valid deviation is “impossible.” This book presents the case that Darwin was perhaps 99 percent correct. Digital genetics analysis and other evidence suggest that minor adjustments to Darwin’s theory are necessary. Although these changes have little effect on our general underst ...
Chapter 6: The survival value approach
... An example of a question about the specific character of the respiratory organs is the question why respiration in water is performed by means of gills and respiration in air by means of lungs. To answer to this question, biologists compare the physical qualities of water with those of air. The conc ...
... An example of a question about the specific character of the respiratory organs is the question why respiration in water is performed by means of gills and respiration in air by means of lungs. To answer to this question, biologists compare the physical qualities of water with those of air. The conc ...
Evolution of Synonymous Codon Usage in Neurospora tetrasperma
... Mouchiroud 1999; Duret 2000; Stoletzki and Eyre-Walker 2006). The hypothesis that codon usage is driven by selection has been supported by findings that codon usage biases are correlated to tRNA abundance (Ikemura 1982, 1985; Duret 2000). In addition, codon usage bias has been positively correlated ...
... Mouchiroud 1999; Duret 2000; Stoletzki and Eyre-Walker 2006). The hypothesis that codon usage is driven by selection has been supported by findings that codon usage biases are correlated to tRNA abundance (Ikemura 1982, 1985; Duret 2000). In addition, codon usage bias has been positively correlated ...
use of an explicit method for distinguishing exaptations from
... and therefore their correlation with adaptive processes directed towards the conquest of land during this period of the Paleozoic Era is not well grounded. As a whole, the ensemble of exaptations permits to falsify the correlation of terrestriality with adaptive scenarios. On the basis of characters ...
... and therefore their correlation with adaptive processes directed towards the conquest of land during this period of the Paleozoic Era is not well grounded. As a whole, the ensemble of exaptations permits to falsify the correlation of terrestriality with adaptive scenarios. On the basis of characters ...
Phenotypic flexibility and the evolution of organismal design
... insight; that is, an ‘amechanistic’ worldview is no longer satisfactory [58]. Rather than emphasizing that a capacity for phenotypic change is an adaptation (which it might well be [11]), we argue that intra-individual trait variation itself should be used to evaluate the ‘goodness of design’ criter ...
... insight; that is, an ‘amechanistic’ worldview is no longer satisfactory [58]. Rather than emphasizing that a capacity for phenotypic change is an adaptation (which it might well be [11]), we argue that intra-individual trait variation itself should be used to evaluate the ‘goodness of design’ criter ...
Fitness effects of thermal stress differ between outcrossing
... predicted to be fitter than offspring of selfing hermaphrodites (cf. Anderson et al. 2010). Altogether, this suggests that males should be easily lost from populations - which is supported by the results of experiments performed under standard laboratory conditions (Steward and Plillips 2002; Chasno ...
... predicted to be fitter than offspring of selfing hermaphrodites (cf. Anderson et al. 2010). Altogether, this suggests that males should be easily lost from populations - which is supported by the results of experiments performed under standard laboratory conditions (Steward and Plillips 2002; Chasno ...
Meta-analysis of phenotypic selection on flowering phenology
... persist or be selected against via natural selection based on individual reproductive success increasing or decreasing as a function of simultaneously flowering individuals (e.g. Parra-Tabla & Vargas 2007). It is known that several factors may affect the ecology and evolution of flowering phenologie ...
... persist or be selected against via natural selection based on individual reproductive success increasing or decreasing as a function of simultaneously flowering individuals (e.g. Parra-Tabla & Vargas 2007). It is known that several factors may affect the ecology and evolution of flowering phenologie ...
Page - Wayne County Public Schools
... _____ is when organisms adapt and evolve together to benefit their situation. Examples are: _________. •Coevolution •Arthropods (insects in this case) and angiosperms ...
... _____ is when organisms adapt and evolve together to benefit their situation. Examples are: _________. •Coevolution •Arthropods (insects in this case) and angiosperms ...
EXAM APPENDIX
... Discuss how Mendel’s work was initially received and how the work of Meischer and others led to the realization of the significance of Mendel’s work. Recall the research studies that led to our understanding that DNA (not proteins) is the substance of heredity. Describe the structure of DNA, includi ...
... Discuss how Mendel’s work was initially received and how the work of Meischer and others led to the realization of the significance of Mendel’s work. Recall the research studies that led to our understanding that DNA (not proteins) is the substance of heredity. Describe the structure of DNA, includi ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.