Primate Aggression and Evolution
... death instinct, a natural self-destructiveness that must be neutralized sometime during the first two years of life. The neutralization of infant selfdestructiveness serves as a basis by which the individual begins to direct aggression away from itself toward other objects (including individuals) in ...
... death instinct, a natural self-destructiveness that must be neutralized sometime during the first two years of life. The neutralization of infant selfdestructiveness serves as a basis by which the individual begins to direct aggression away from itself toward other objects (including individuals) in ...
Reconceptualising Evolution by Natural Selection
... theoretical ambiguities and difficulties. Some of these have been pointed out numerous times; others have hardly been noticed. One aim of this work is to unpack these difficulties and ambiguities; another is to provide new solutions and clarifications to them using a range of philosophical and conce ...
... theoretical ambiguities and difficulties. Some of these have been pointed out numerous times; others have hardly been noticed. One aim of this work is to unpack these difficulties and ambiguities; another is to provide new solutions and clarifications to them using a range of philosophical and conce ...
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN SKULL
... vertebrates, however, early and late growth phases are often dissociated; the same developmental processes do not necessarily regulate early and late growth periods and the resultant growth trajectories are, therefore, not necessarily correlated. In both mice and humans, for example, there are weak ...
... vertebrates, however, early and late growth phases are often dissociated; the same developmental processes do not necessarily regulate early and late growth periods and the resultant growth trajectories are, therefore, not necessarily correlated. In both mice and humans, for example, there are weak ...
Group adaptation, formal darwinism and contextual analysis
... Gardner and Grafen’s analysis of group adaptation draws on Grafen’s ‘Formal Darwinism’ project, which aims to connect optimization and natural selection in a precise way, thus formally justifying the intuitive idea that selection leads to organismic design (Grafen 2002, 2006, 2008). Grafen’s approac ...
... Gardner and Grafen’s analysis of group adaptation draws on Grafen’s ‘Formal Darwinism’ project, which aims to connect optimization and natural selection in a precise way, thus formally justifying the intuitive idea that selection leads to organismic design (Grafen 2002, 2006, 2008). Grafen’s approac ...
LAGUARDIA COMMUNITY COLLEGE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW
... Define homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures, adaptive radiation. Explain the following evidence for the occurrence of evolution: artificial selection, fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, and biogeography. Give an example of each. ...
... Define homologous, analogous, and vestigial structures, adaptive radiation. Explain the following evidence for the occurrence of evolution: artificial selection, fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, and biogeography. Give an example of each. ...
Introduction - Department of Computer Science
... Occasionally some of the genetic material changes very slightly during this process (replication error) This means that the child might have genetic material information not inherited from either parent This can be – catastrophic: offspring in not viable (most likely) – neutral: new feature not infl ...
... Occasionally some of the genetic material changes very slightly during this process (replication error) This means that the child might have genetic material information not inherited from either parent This can be – catastrophic: offspring in not viable (most likely) – neutral: new feature not infl ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Analyses of artificially synthesized hybrids in the laboratory or glasshouse have demonstrated the importance of gametic selection as a prezygotic isolating barrier ; the complex genetic basis of hybrid sterility, inviability and breakdown ; and the critical role of fertility selection in hybrid spe ...
... Analyses of artificially synthesized hybrids in the laboratory or glasshouse have demonstrated the importance of gametic selection as a prezygotic isolating barrier ; the complex genetic basis of hybrid sterility, inviability and breakdown ; and the critical role of fertility selection in hybrid spe ...
4.7 SYBSC Zoology Syllabus
... a. Monohybrid/ Dihybrid cross b. X- linked inheritance c. Multiple alleles Chromosome morphology: Metaphase spreadsheet (photograph to be provided) ...
... a. Monohybrid/ Dihybrid cross b. X- linked inheritance c. Multiple alleles Chromosome morphology: Metaphase spreadsheet (photograph to be provided) ...
as a PDF - Todd Shackelford
... the first place. Why do we feel pain at all? Why are we so motivated to pursue sex? The answer lies in that blind, unconscious, omnipresent driving force behind biological diversity on earth: natural selection. Only by looking at the mind as a product of natural selection can we arrive at a full exp ...
... the first place. Why do we feel pain at all? Why are we so motivated to pursue sex? The answer lies in that blind, unconscious, omnipresent driving force behind biological diversity on earth: natural selection. Only by looking at the mind as a product of natural selection can we arrive at a full exp ...
Evolution Review
... ____ 52. In an unchanging environment selection in a well-adapted population is a. directional. b. disruptive. c. stabilizing. d. absent. e. random. ____ 53. Human infants of low or very high birth weights are less likely to survive than those of average weight. This outcome is an example of ____ se ...
... ____ 52. In an unchanging environment selection in a well-adapted population is a. directional. b. disruptive. c. stabilizing. d. absent. e. random. ____ 53. Human infants of low or very high birth weights are less likely to survive than those of average weight. This outcome is an example of ____ se ...
Local differentiation in the defensive morphology of an
... explain the success of this species at invading lake ecosystems with diverse biotic environments. ...
... explain the success of this species at invading lake ecosystems with diverse biotic environments. ...
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN SKULL
... vertebrates, however, early and late growth phases are often dissociated; the same developmental processes do not necessarily regulate early and late growth periods and the resultant growth trajectories are, therefore, not necessarily correlated. In both mice and humans, for example, there are weak ...
... vertebrates, however, early and late growth phases are often dissociated; the same developmental processes do not necessarily regulate early and late growth periods and the resultant growth trajectories are, therefore, not necessarily correlated. In both mice and humans, for example, there are weak ...
Peppered Moths
... a period of 45 years, the dark variety of the peppered moth became more common. • In fact, near many industrial cities in England the dark form accounted for about 95 percent of the peppered moth population. Away from industrial centers the moth was usually found in the light form. In non-industrial ...
... a period of 45 years, the dark variety of the peppered moth became more common. • In fact, near many industrial cities in England the dark form accounted for about 95 percent of the peppered moth population. Away from industrial centers the moth was usually found in the light form. In non-industrial ...
Evaluating Evidence of Psychological Adaptation
... identify adaptations. Sometimes, these features seem at odds with one another. For example, adaptations are expected to be universal, in that all people everywhere share the same basic human nature (though see Brown, 1991, on facultative and conditional adaptations). At the same time, adaptations ar ...
... identify adaptations. Sometimes, these features seem at odds with one another. For example, adaptations are expected to be universal, in that all people everywhere share the same basic human nature (though see Brown, 1991, on facultative and conditional adaptations). At the same time, adaptations ar ...
population
... • What Is a Species? A species is a group of organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring. A characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment is called an ...
... • What Is a Species? A species is a group of organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring. A characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment is called an ...
Introduction - Department of Computer Science
... Occasionally some of the genetic material changes very slightly during this process (replication error) This means that the child might have genetic material information not inherited from either parent This can be – catastrophic: offspring in not viable (most likely) – neutral: new feature not infl ...
... Occasionally some of the genetic material changes very slightly during this process (replication error) This means that the child might have genetic material information not inherited from either parent This can be – catastrophic: offspring in not viable (most likely) – neutral: new feature not infl ...
Natural Selection on Testosterone Production in a Wild Songbird
... mediating the trade-off between survival and reproduction. However, the demonstration of this trade-off does not lead directly to predictions for how selection should act on testosterone in the wild. For example, if males differ primarily in the allocation of resources to survival and reproduction, ...
... mediating the trade-off between survival and reproduction. However, the demonstration of this trade-off does not lead directly to predictions for how selection should act on testosterone in the wild. For example, if males differ primarily in the allocation of resources to survival and reproduction, ...
genetic isolation by environment or distance: which pattern of gene
... The final two scenarios in Table 1 concern unrestricted (S4) versus highly restricted (S5) gene flow patterns and are an extension of the first two scenarios. First, gene flow may follow no pattern with respect to space or environmental gradients (i.e., no IBD or IBE). Species may have nearly unlimi ...
... The final two scenarios in Table 1 concern unrestricted (S4) versus highly restricted (S5) gene flow patterns and are an extension of the first two scenarios. First, gene flow may follow no pattern with respect to space or environmental gradients (i.e., no IBD or IBE). Species may have nearly unlimi ...
Felsenstein`s “one-allele model” of speciation: The role of philopatry
... Each of the species in this complex is found on a single species of woody host plant from at least nine plant species across six different plant families native to North America (Lin and Wood, 2002; Hamilton and Cocroft, 2009). Species in the E. binotata complex are univoltine. Eggs are laid in the ...
... Each of the species in this complex is found on a single species of woody host plant from at least nine plant species across six different plant families native to North America (Lin and Wood, 2002; Hamilton and Cocroft, 2009). Species in the E. binotata complex are univoltine. Eggs are laid in the ...
B 4: Photosynthesis
... identical sets of chromosomes understand that mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction understand that division of a cell by meiosis produces four cells, each with half thenumber of chromosomes, and that this results in the formation of genetically different haploid gam ...
... identical sets of chromosomes understand that mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction understand that division of a cell by meiosis produces four cells, each with half thenumber of chromosomes, and that this results in the formation of genetically different haploid gam ...
Evolution ____ 1. Nikki and Jon were studying a type of bird called
... 2. A mutation in an allele in an individual newt gave that newt faster reflexes. It is found that, after many generations, most of the newt population has the new allele. Which of the following most likely caused this change? a. The newt gave its mutated allele to other adult newts. b. Other newts l ...
... 2. A mutation in an allele in an individual newt gave that newt faster reflexes. It is found that, after many generations, most of the newt population has the new allele. Which of the following most likely caused this change? a. The newt gave its mutated allele to other adult newts. b. Other newts l ...
DETECTING CRYPTIC INDIRECT GENETIC EFFECTS
... is scaled by the interaction coefficient, ψ, which can be estimated by regressing the standardized focal phenotype on the standardized interacting partner phenotype. The elements in blue trace the IGE: an IGE will only occur if variation in genes expressed in the interacting individual (g’) has a ca ...
... is scaled by the interaction coefficient, ψ, which can be estimated by regressing the standardized focal phenotype on the standardized interacting partner phenotype. The elements in blue trace the IGE: an IGE will only occur if variation in genes expressed in the interacting individual (g’) has a ca ...
The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance
... Cesalpino to Linnaeus. These examples, to which many others could be added, document without doubt the importance of external influences on theory formation in biology. They will be analyzed in full detail in the relevant chapters. It is important to realize that external factors influence science i ...
... Cesalpino to Linnaeus. These examples, to which many others could be added, document without doubt the importance of external influences on theory formation in biology. They will be analyzed in full detail in the relevant chapters. It is important to realize that external factors influence science i ...
Some important factors affecting fertility in sheep
... Favorable environmental conditions like good feeding and management have the same influence, as selection, and the results attained in this manner are faster and more spectacular. Seeing that more multiple births occur under favorable conditions it is a very good method to identify ewes and rams whi ...
... Favorable environmental conditions like good feeding and management have the same influence, as selection, and the results attained in this manner are faster and more spectacular. Seeing that more multiple births occur under favorable conditions it is a very good method to identify ewes and rams whi ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.