Heritability and the evolution of cognitive traits
... that avian species with big brains survive better as adults. However, in guppies (Poecilia reticulata), larger brain size resulting from artificial selection experiments was associated with reduced gut size and, most importantly, with reduced offspring production (Kotrschal et al. 2013). These data ...
... that avian species with big brains survive better as adults. However, in guppies (Poecilia reticulata), larger brain size resulting from artificial selection experiments was associated with reduced gut size and, most importantly, with reduced offspring production (Kotrschal et al. 2013). These data ...
When is it Selectively Advantageous to Have True Beliefs
... desire formation policies and decision rules. I argue below that this is a mistake. After a brief examination of the existing approaches, I develop a new model to characterize the functional utility of belief and desire formation mechanisms. The-better-safe-than-sorry argument, it turns out, has lim ...
... desire formation policies and decision rules. I argue below that this is a mistake. After a brief examination of the existing approaches, I develop a new model to characterize the functional utility of belief and desire formation mechanisms. The-better-safe-than-sorry argument, it turns out, has lim ...
02_whole - Massey Research Online
... In On the Origin of Species, Darwin presented a revised creation narrative which contradicted and superseded the Judeo-Christian narrative in Genesis. His second significant text, The Descent of Man, reflects in its title the ideological and philosophical impact his ideas have had in reversing the a ...
... In On the Origin of Species, Darwin presented a revised creation narrative which contradicted and superseded the Judeo-Christian narrative in Genesis. His second significant text, The Descent of Man, reflects in its title the ideological and philosophical impact his ideas have had in reversing the a ...
Core homework booklet higher
... mutation or reproduction b environmental variation – different characteristics caused by an organism’s environment (acquired characteristics) 1.12 Demonstrate an understanding of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection including a variation b over-production c struggle for existence d surv ...
... mutation or reproduction b environmental variation – different characteristics caused by an organism’s environment (acquired characteristics) 1.12 Demonstrate an understanding of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection including a variation b over-production c struggle for existence d surv ...
Bounds to Parapatric Speciation: A Dobzhansky-Muller
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 3, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/104489. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
... bioRxiv preprint first posted online Feb. 3, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/104489. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ...
Sewall Wright, shifting balance theory, and the
... place in Wright’s theory, a fact obscured by the hardening story. The second part concerns the development of Wright’s theory of isolation by distance and his application of it to Linanthus (Sections 4 and 5). Wright used the theory of isolation by distance to quantitatively describe how drift, sele ...
... place in Wright’s theory, a fact obscured by the hardening story. The second part concerns the development of Wright’s theory of isolation by distance and his application of it to Linanthus (Sections 4 and 5). Wright used the theory of isolation by distance to quantitatively describe how drift, sele ...
... Lumsden and Wilson, 1982; Plotkin and Odling-Smee, 1981; Wilson, 1998; see Richards, 1987, for an historical review). So also have neuropsychologists (Vygotsky and Luria, 1994). As Popper (1968, 1972) argued, such efforts at theory-development in science constitute a Darwinian process in their own r ...
How to read “heritability” in the recipe approach to - Philsci
... This version might slightly differ from the from the final publication ...
... This version might slightly differ from the from the final publication ...
Drought survival and reproduction impose contrasting selection
... Shine 1994). First, males are typically larger than females (male-biased SSD) in cases where the mating system is dominated by male-to-male combat (Darwin 1871; Clutton-Brock et al. 1977; Shine 1994). In this scenario, sexual selection for enhanced combat ability generally results in stronger select ...
... Shine 1994). First, males are typically larger than females (male-biased SSD) in cases where the mating system is dominated by male-to-male combat (Darwin 1871; Clutton-Brock et al. 1977; Shine 1994). In this scenario, sexual selection for enhanced combat ability generally results in stronger select ...
Biology
... nature is much more inclusive and loosely defined. Have you ever asked yourself questions about your surroundings and wondered how or why they are happening? This is science. Science works best when driven by curiosity and innovation. In order for you to experience science in its fullest sense you m ...
... nature is much more inclusive and loosely defined. Have you ever asked yourself questions about your surroundings and wondered how or why they are happening? This is science. Science works best when driven by curiosity and innovation. In order for you to experience science in its fullest sense you m ...
A Comparative Genomic Study of Human and Chimpanzee
... 6.2 Differences Among Primates and Murids . . . . . . 6.3 Differences Among Humans and Chimpanzees . . . 6.4 Differences Among Tissue Specific Gene Categories 6.5 Comparison Between Statistical Methods . . . . . 6.6 PS Tests on Tissue Specific Genes . . . . . . . . . ...
... 6.2 Differences Among Primates and Murids . . . . . . 6.3 Differences Among Humans and Chimpanzees . . . 6.4 Differences Among Tissue Specific Gene Categories 6.5 Comparison Between Statistical Methods . . . . . 6.6 PS Tests on Tissue Specific Genes . . . . . . . . . ...
Thorstein Veblen`s Economics and Darwinian Evolutionary Social
... population due to limited availability of resources which are necessary for survival. And finally, at least some of the differences among the members of the population are heritable. Given this set-up, the theory of natural selection postulates that those characteristics which help an individual to ...
... population due to limited availability of resources which are necessary for survival. And finally, at least some of the differences among the members of the population are heritable. Given this set-up, the theory of natural selection postulates that those characteristics which help an individual to ...
- CUNY Academic Works
... or organisms can react non-deterministically, or niches can be constructed not merely inhabited, then selection may be non-random, but not 'natural' so much as 'organic'. viii – Variation................................................................................................................. ...
... or organisms can react non-deterministically, or niches can be constructed not merely inhabited, then selection may be non-random, but not 'natural' so much as 'organic'. viii – Variation................................................................................................................. ...
Convergent and divergent character displacement
... allopatry they are intermediate and almost identical. Since food size is related to bill size (Baldwin, 1953; Betts, 1955; Morris, 1955; more recent studies Hespenheide, 1966; Kear, 1962), Brown & Wilson (1956) see this as an example of two species, originally allopatric, becoming sympatric as their ...
... allopatry they are intermediate and almost identical. Since food size is related to bill size (Baldwin, 1953; Betts, 1955; Morris, 1955; more recent studies Hespenheide, 1966; Kear, 1962), Brown & Wilson (1956) see this as an example of two species, originally allopatric, becoming sympatric as their ...
“History of Evolutionary Thought” Game Cards: 3 pts. Darwin
... 4 pts. What type of natural selection favors variants of one extreme and thereby shifts the overall makeup of a population? 4 pts. What term is used to describe genetic exchange caused by migration of organisms or the gametes of organisms? 4 pts. What do we call small changes in gene frequencies fro ...
... 4 pts. What type of natural selection favors variants of one extreme and thereby shifts the overall makeup of a population? 4 pts. What term is used to describe genetic exchange caused by migration of organisms or the gametes of organisms? 4 pts. What do we call small changes in gene frequencies fro ...
TURING MACHINES AND EVOLUTION. A CRITIQUE OF GREGORY
... evolution that captures the essence of Darwin’s theory and develops it mathematically. (Chaitin 2012, 9) It appears that Chaitin means the absence of a mathematically advanced theory formalizing the central concepts of the biological theory of evolution by means of natural selection. The project of ...
... evolution that captures the essence of Darwin’s theory and develops it mathematically. (Chaitin 2012, 9) It appears that Chaitin means the absence of a mathematically advanced theory formalizing the central concepts of the biological theory of evolution by means of natural selection. The project of ...
Darwin Conspiracy - Answers in Genesis
... from natural selection has led to the occurrence of more variation among tree offspring than in nature. Matthew noted that protection from selection can lead to the establishment of very different varieties, while Darwin merely noted that release from selection leads to wider variation among individ ...
... from natural selection has led to the occurrence of more variation among tree offspring than in nature. Matthew noted that protection from selection can lead to the establishment of very different varieties, while Darwin merely noted that release from selection leads to wider variation among individ ...
plants are more than the sum of their parts
... some taxa, is that flowers are not single fully integrated units. Rather, the multiple functions of the flower are each performed by distinct suites of integrated characters that share a common function but are independent of sets of structures with alternative functions, that is, floral variation/c ...
... some taxa, is that flowers are not single fully integrated units. Rather, the multiple functions of the flower are each performed by distinct suites of integrated characters that share a common function but are independent of sets of structures with alternative functions, that is, floral variation/c ...
Divergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation.
... one new species completely fitted to the conditions, or may i t p r o duce f r o m one stock many that are epually$tted?” (p. 49’7). I n answering these questions I called ‘‘ attention to the variation and distribution of terrestrial mollusks, more especially those found on the Sandwich Islands,” an ...
... one new species completely fitted to the conditions, or may i t p r o duce f r o m one stock many that are epually$tted?” (p. 49’7). I n answering these questions I called ‘‘ attention to the variation and distribution of terrestrial mollusks, more especially those found on the Sandwich Islands,” an ...
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education
... Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Write in dark blue or black pen in the spaces provided on the Question Paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. ...
... Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided at the top of this page. Write in dark blue or black pen in the spaces provided on the Question Paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. ...
Darwin as a plant scientist - Australian National Botanic Gardens
... Darwin as a plant scientist Although not as celebrated as his geological and zoological contributions, Charles Darwin’s (1809–1882; Figure 1) botanical discoveries and experiments were of at least equal importance. He was inspired by Revd John Stevens Henslow and Adam Sedgwick at Cambridge, both of ...
... Darwin as a plant scientist Although not as celebrated as his geological and zoological contributions, Charles Darwin’s (1809–1882; Figure 1) botanical discoveries and experiments were of at least equal importance. He was inspired by Revd John Stevens Henslow and Adam Sedgwick at Cambridge, both of ...
Heritability in the Era of Molecular Genetics: Some Thoughts for
... aim of eventually developing policies that accurately reflect human nature. Thus, findings of genetic influences on new measures of behaviours or psychological constructs are often used to justify claims of the validity of the measures, their bases in biology and, by extension, the reality of the const ...
... aim of eventually developing policies that accurately reflect human nature. Thus, findings of genetic influences on new measures of behaviours or psychological constructs are often used to justify claims of the validity of the measures, their bases in biology and, by extension, the reality of the const ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.