The geographic mosaic in predispersal interactions and selection on
... function because GLS is preferred to maximum likelihood when multivariate normality is not met (see SAS/ STAT User’s guide, SAS Institute, 1990). In any case, we stress that the adequacy of the hypothesis of our causal model is not, in fact, a major issue in this paper. Instead, our interest is to b ...
... function because GLS is preferred to maximum likelihood when multivariate normality is not met (see SAS/ STAT User’s guide, SAS Institute, 1990). In any case, we stress that the adequacy of the hypothesis of our causal model is not, in fact, a major issue in this paper. Instead, our interest is to b ...
PDF
... logical or genetic chimeras of several taxa. non-hereditarily (horizontally), necessitatWith recent research, the pervasiveness and ing re-establishment of the symbiotic assoimportance of symbiosis among inverte- ciation each generation. Some endosymbrates are beginning to be appreciated, but bionts ...
... logical or genetic chimeras of several taxa. non-hereditarily (horizontally), necessitatWith recent research, the pervasiveness and ing re-establishment of the symbiotic assoimportance of symbiosis among inverte- ciation each generation. Some endosymbrates are beginning to be appreciated, but bionts ...
Evolutionism : present approaches
... “clustered around ‘evolution’ were, among others, the old theory of embryogenesis as the expansion of a preformed organism (this being the primary meaning of ‘evolution’ in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries); the associated theory of the pre-existence of germs, in connection with which the Sw ...
... “clustered around ‘evolution’ were, among others, the old theory of embryogenesis as the expansion of a preformed organism (this being the primary meaning of ‘evolution’ in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries); the associated theory of the pre-existence of germs, in connection with which the Sw ...
I`m Looking Over a White Striped Clover Case Study
... Now that you have considered the different habitats in which the white clover is found and the factors affecting fitness in clover, you will develop hypotheses to explain the observed distribution of plain and striped clover. A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question. It means tha ...
... Now that you have considered the different habitats in which the white clover is found and the factors affecting fitness in clover, you will develop hypotheses to explain the observed distribution of plain and striped clover. A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question. It means tha ...
Strong ecological but weak evolutionary effects of elevated CO
... 1987; Penuelas & Matamala, 1990; Radoglou & Jarvis, 1990, but see Körner, 1988). The magnitude of change in herbaria specimens is similar, however, to plastic responses to eCO2; therefore, genetic changes need not be invoked to explain the observed changes (Woodward, 1987, 1993). Third, plants from ...
... 1987; Penuelas & Matamala, 1990; Radoglou & Jarvis, 1990, but see Körner, 1988). The magnitude of change in herbaria specimens is similar, however, to plastic responses to eCO2; therefore, genetic changes need not be invoked to explain the observed changes (Woodward, 1987, 1993). Third, plants from ...
The life and times of Charles Darwin
... that led Darwin to join the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. For Darwin, this was followed by a five-year data-gathering phase during the voyage on the Beagle in which he encountered the world at large – the vast “natural laboratory” that exposed him to the rich diversity of the environment, and life and pr ...
... that led Darwin to join the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. For Darwin, this was followed by a five-year data-gathering phase during the voyage on the Beagle in which he encountered the world at large – the vast “natural laboratory” that exposed him to the rich diversity of the environment, and life and pr ...
Unit 1-A Cells
... 7.1.4 Distinguish between unique or single-copy genes and highly repetitive sequences in nuclear DNA. 7.1.5 State that eukaryotic genes can contain exons and introns. 3.4.1 Explain DNA replication in terms of unwinding the double helix and separation of the strands by helicase, followed by formation ...
... 7.1.4 Distinguish between unique or single-copy genes and highly repetitive sequences in nuclear DNA. 7.1.5 State that eukaryotic genes can contain exons and introns. 3.4.1 Explain DNA replication in terms of unwinding the double helix and separation of the strands by helicase, followed by formation ...
NIETZSCHE AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Poststructuralisl thinkers lend re/alionship
... Darwin and his theory, one must first explore exactly what this theory is and means. With evolutionary biology riddled with confusions and controversies during the period between the publication of The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection and the present time, Darwinism itself is a proble ...
... Darwin and his theory, one must first explore exactly what this theory is and means. With evolutionary biology riddled with confusions and controversies during the period between the publication of The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection and the present time, Darwinism itself is a proble ...
Ecology, Evolution, and Aesthetics
... fundamental science of nature, evolution. Thus, it misunderstands both ecology and nature. An alternative to this view would be an aesthetics based on an evolutionary understanding of nature, which holds that, although there are many functional wholes in nature, there is also significant conflict, d ...
... fundamental science of nature, evolution. Thus, it misunderstands both ecology and nature. An alternative to this view would be an aesthetics based on an evolutionary understanding of nature, which holds that, although there are many functional wholes in nature, there is also significant conflict, d ...
Live Where You Thrive: Joint Evolution of Habitat Choice and Local
... selection within habitats, and density regulation. By definition of these models, selection is phenotype-dependent and density-independent, whereas density regulation is density-dependent and phenotype-independent. Density regulation may occur either separately within each habitat (local regulation) ...
... selection within habitats, and density regulation. By definition of these models, selection is phenotype-dependent and density-independent, whereas density regulation is density-dependent and phenotype-independent. Density regulation may occur either separately within each habitat (local regulation) ...
missense meanderings in sequence space
... result in large effects on ∆G relative to the observed range of ∆G values themselves. Aggregation rates are similarly sensitive to mutations. Destabilizing mutations result in increased aggregation rates owing simply to the larger pool of unfolded molecules20,25. In addition, a class of mutations ha ...
... result in large effects on ∆G relative to the observed range of ∆G values themselves. Aggregation rates are similarly sensitive to mutations. Destabilizing mutations result in increased aggregation rates owing simply to the larger pool of unfolded molecules20,25. In addition, a class of mutations ha ...
Genetic Basis for the plasticity of growth and survival in Crassostrea
... Phenotypic model (clonal model), no genetics Long term evolution of phenotypic plasticity: mutation driven (slow mutation rate, small mutational steps) Describes adaptive transient states together with evolutionary equilibria Allows to account for interactions between individuals ― density-depen ...
... Phenotypic model (clonal model), no genetics Long term evolution of phenotypic plasticity: mutation driven (slow mutation rate, small mutational steps) Describes adaptive transient states together with evolutionary equilibria Allows to account for interactions between individuals ― density-depen ...
Organisms
... other organisms • Both organisms and their environments are affected by the interactions between them – For example, a tree takes up water and minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air; the tree releases oxygen to the air and roots ...
... other organisms • Both organisms and their environments are affected by the interactions between them – For example, a tree takes up water and minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air; the tree releases oxygen to the air and roots ...
DARWINISM AND LAMARCKISM BEFORE AND AFTER WEISMANN
... as they have changed over time. In doing so, it should become clear in what way the programs relate to one another, compete, contradict, and share with each other. Certain periods in history have seen more or less friction between the two programs, and the following sections will reveal the states o ...
... as they have changed over time. In doing so, it should become clear in what way the programs relate to one another, compete, contradict, and share with each other. Certain periods in history have seen more or less friction between the two programs, and the following sections will reveal the states o ...
empirical evidence for bet hedging Modes of response to
... Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 Uncertainty is a problem not only in human decision-making, but is a prevalent quality of natural environments and thus requires evolutionary response. Unpredictable natural selection is expected to re ...
... Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 Uncertainty is a problem not only in human decision-making, but is a prevalent quality of natural environments and thus requires evolutionary response. Unpredictable natural selection is expected to re ...
Chapter 5* - The use of biological material
... presence of other toxins, inadequate food supply, and physical factors such as habitat alteration, sedimentation, drought or oxygen depletion). An organism under stress will not be able to survive the same concentration of a contaminant as when its environmental conditions are optimal. Consequently ...
... presence of other toxins, inadequate food supply, and physical factors such as habitat alteration, sedimentation, drought or oxygen depletion). An organism under stress will not be able to survive the same concentration of a contaminant as when its environmental conditions are optimal. Consequently ...
Transformations of Lamarckism
... from various branches of biology that took place in the 1930s and 1940s and gave Mendelian genetics a central place in evolutionary thinking forms a bridge between the historical and biological parts of this volume. The workshop participants agreed that, in spite of the different ways biology develo ...
... from various branches of biology that took place in the 1930s and 1940s and gave Mendelian genetics a central place in evolutionary thinking forms a bridge between the historical and biological parts of this volume. The workshop participants agreed that, in spite of the different ways biology develo ...
UN1001 Discussion Questions
... he mean by this? Do you agree with him? Why or why not? 2. According to Futuyma, what are the relationships among the concepts of truth, fact, hypothesis, and evidence? Can there be unknown facts, according to Futuyma? Do you agree with Futuyma’s discussion of these concepts? Why or why not? 3. What ...
... he mean by this? Do you agree with him? Why or why not? 2. According to Futuyma, what are the relationships among the concepts of truth, fact, hypothesis, and evidence? Can there be unknown facts, according to Futuyma? Do you agree with Futuyma’s discussion of these concepts? Why or why not? 3. What ...
and Empirical Studies - The University of New Mexico
... and determinate growers. Determinate growers have fairly discrete and nonoverlapping growth and reproductive phases. During the growth phase, all excess energy is allocated to growth, and during the reproductive phase, growth ceases altogether (Charnov 1993). Indeterminate growers only allocate a po ...
... and determinate growers. Determinate growers have fairly discrete and nonoverlapping growth and reproductive phases. During the growth phase, all excess energy is allocated to growth, and during the reproductive phase, growth ceases altogether (Charnov 1993). Indeterminate growers only allocate a po ...
Course Outline - Gavilan College
... Aristotle to Darwin and Wallace. 2. Explain Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. 3. Describe the forms of evidence used to demonstrate that evolution has occurred. 4. Describe present-day examples of evolution. Assignments: read text, answer homework questions. Lab Topic: Homologous St ...
... Aristotle to Darwin and Wallace. 2. Explain Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. 3. Describe the forms of evidence used to demonstrate that evolution has occurred. 4. Describe present-day examples of evolution. Assignments: read text, answer homework questions. Lab Topic: Homologous St ...
Maternal effects and evolution at ecological time
... 1. Genetic and environmental maternal effects can play an important role in the evolutionary dynamics of a population: they may have a substantial impact on the rate and direction of genetic change in response to selection, and they may generate immediate phenotypic change via phenotypic plasticity. ...
... 1. Genetic and environmental maternal effects can play an important role in the evolutionary dynamics of a population: they may have a substantial impact on the rate and direction of genetic change in response to selection, and they may generate immediate phenotypic change via phenotypic plasticity. ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.