Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, and the Evolution
... experiences surely contributed to that event. But, there were also major differences in their life-experience as collectors and travelers, their socio-political commitments, and their personal styles. The present paper is focused on, what is, perhaps, the most fundamental area of disagreement betwee ...
... experiences surely contributed to that event. But, there were also major differences in their life-experience as collectors and travelers, their socio-political commitments, and their personal styles. The present paper is focused on, what is, perhaps, the most fundamental area of disagreement betwee ...
Karl Ernst von Baer`s Laws of Embryology
... von Baer [4] proposed four laws of animal development, which came to be called von Baer's laws [5] of embryology [6]. With these laws, von Baer described the development (ontogeny [7]) of animal embryos while also critiquing popular theories of animal development at the time. Von Baer's laws of embr ...
... von Baer [4] proposed four laws of animal development, which came to be called von Baer's laws [5] of embryology [6]. With these laws, von Baer described the development (ontogeny [7]) of animal embryos while also critiquing popular theories of animal development at the time. Von Baer's laws of embr ...
Adaptive changes in harvested populations: plasticity and evolution
... Figure 3. Evolution of maturation reaction norms under state-dependent harvesting. In this case, either juveniles or adults are harvested. (a)–(c) present the ES reaction norms under increasing levels of initial harvest mortality on adults for the three harvest mortality types ((a) negatively densit ...
... Figure 3. Evolution of maturation reaction norms under state-dependent harvesting. In this case, either juveniles or adults are harvested. (a)–(c) present the ES reaction norms under increasing levels of initial harvest mortality on adults for the three harvest mortality types ((a) negatively densit ...
Stephen E - lundslaktare
... Flew, 2004). He had "been persuaded that it is simply out of the question that the first living matter evolved out of dead matter and then developed into an extraordinarily complicated creature" (Wavell & Iredale, 2004). If we trace evolution backwards, we reach a primitive single cell than which n ...
... Flew, 2004). He had "been persuaded that it is simply out of the question that the first living matter evolved out of dead matter and then developed into an extraordinarily complicated creature" (Wavell & Iredale, 2004). If we trace evolution backwards, we reach a primitive single cell than which n ...
Chapter 1
... publicly, anticipating the uproar it would cause • In June 1858 Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russell Wallace – Who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s • Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species – And published it the next year Copyright © 2006 Cynthia Gar ...
... publicly, anticipating the uproar it would cause • In June 1858 Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russell Wallace – Who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s • Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species – And published it the next year Copyright © 2006 Cynthia Gar ...
Evolutionary Chance Mutation
... conceptual and empirical requirement for explaining mutations due to these mechanisms. I will argue instead that all genetic mutations, including those due to mutator mechanisms, can be accounted for by the Modern Synthesis’ consensus view since they are not specifically caused in an (exclusively) a ...
... conceptual and empirical requirement for explaining mutations due to these mechanisms. I will argue instead that all genetic mutations, including those due to mutator mechanisms, can be accounted for by the Modern Synthesis’ consensus view since they are not specifically caused in an (exclusively) a ...
Evolutionary Chance Mutation: A Defense of the - Philsci
... conceptual and empirical requirement for explaining mutations due to these mechanisms. I will argue instead that all genetic mutations, including those due to mutator mechanisms, can be accounted for by the Modern Synthesis’ consensus view since they are not specifically caused in an (exclusively) a ...
... conceptual and empirical requirement for explaining mutations due to these mechanisms. I will argue instead that all genetic mutations, including those due to mutator mechanisms, can be accounted for by the Modern Synthesis’ consensus view since they are not specifically caused in an (exclusively) a ...
Science - the Southwick-Tolland-Granville Regional School District
... Curricular Goals/ Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to explain how evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. Students will be able to describe how over many generations, changes in the genetic make-up of populations may affect biodiversity thro ...
... Curricular Goals/ Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to explain how evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. Students will be able to describe how over many generations, changes in the genetic make-up of populations may affect biodiversity thro ...
Beaks of Finches Lab
... enable an animal to find food or attract mates better than other individuals can. If beneficial traits like these have a genetic basis and can be passed on to future generations, we refer to them ...
... enable an animal to find food or attract mates better than other individuals can. If beneficial traits like these have a genetic basis and can be passed on to future generations, we refer to them ...
Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution
... event – high temperature lasting for several days – kills a majority of the individuals in the population (G1) before they can breed. The survivors (S1) of this selective event then breed and the mean heat tolerance in their offspring (G2) is somewhat higher than for their parents (G1). The differen ...
... event – high temperature lasting for several days – kills a majority of the individuals in the population (G1) before they can breed. The survivors (S1) of this selective event then breed and the mean heat tolerance in their offspring (G2) is somewhat higher than for their parents (G1). The differen ...
PDF file - Department of Biology
... event – high temperature lasting for several days – kills a majority of the individuals in the population (G1) before they can breed. The survivors (S1) of this selective event then breed and the mean heat tolerance in their offspring (G2) is somewhat higher than for their parents (G1). The differen ...
... event – high temperature lasting for several days – kills a majority of the individuals in the population (G1) before they can breed. The survivors (S1) of this selective event then breed and the mean heat tolerance in their offspring (G2) is somewhat higher than for their parents (G1). The differen ...
Culture, evolution and the puzzle of human cooperation
... one voted, it is also true that any single vote has a negligible effect. Therefore, when a person votes she performs a costly act that helps the group (i.e., preserves democracy) but does not help herself (since her candidate will not be elected because of her vote), and she incurs the costs associat ...
... one voted, it is also true that any single vote has a negligible effect. Therefore, when a person votes she performs a costly act that helps the group (i.e., preserves democracy) but does not help herself (since her candidate will not be elected because of her vote), and she incurs the costs associat ...
35. A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 35
... Edward Forbes was a wide-ranging British naturalist who was at the center of a movement to investigate marine life in European waters. Philip Gosse was a largely self-taught naturalist who conducted capable original research, but achieved more prominence as a popularizer of coastal marine life. Most ...
... Edward Forbes was a wide-ranging British naturalist who was at the center of a movement to investigate marine life in European waters. Philip Gosse was a largely self-taught naturalist who conducted capable original research, but achieved more prominence as a popularizer of coastal marine life. Most ...
Segregating Variation in the Transcriptome: Cis Regulation and
... equal, and that cis effects account for more genetic variation than do trans effects. We also evaluated patterns of variation in different functional categories and determined that genes involved in metabolic processes are overrepresented among variable transcripts, but those involved in development ...
... equal, and that cis effects account for more genetic variation than do trans effects. We also evaluated patterns of variation in different functional categories and determined that genes involved in metabolic processes are overrepresented among variable transcripts, but those involved in development ...
Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things
... • Most plants live on land where they use their leaves to get sunlight, oxygen, and carbon dioxide from the air. While absorbing nutrients and water from the soil using their roots. • Leaves and roots are connected by vascular tissue, which has thick cell walls and serves is system of tubes that car ...
... • Most plants live on land where they use their leaves to get sunlight, oxygen, and carbon dioxide from the air. While absorbing nutrients and water from the soil using their roots. • Leaves and roots are connected by vascular tissue, which has thick cell walls and serves is system of tubes that car ...
list of abstracts
... calyciflorus to either one, two or three abiotic stressors in a full factorial design (i.e. each multi stressor was composed of different combinations of the single stressors). Results from two independent evolution experiments (over one million animals scored) confirmed the hypothesis. B. calyciflo ...
... calyciflorus to either one, two or three abiotic stressors in a full factorial design (i.e. each multi stressor was composed of different combinations of the single stressors). Results from two independent evolution experiments (over one million animals scored) confirmed the hypothesis. B. calyciflo ...
The Fossil Record of the Cambrian “Explosion”: Resolving the Tree
... million years.7 A more precise date of 542 ± 0.3 million years has recently been formally accepted by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. The basis for this date was the discovery that a sharp worldwide fall (or negative spike) in the abundance of the isotope carbon-13 was coincident with ...
... million years.7 A more precise date of 542 ± 0.3 million years has recently been formally accepted by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. The basis for this date was the discovery that a sharp worldwide fall (or negative spike) in the abundance of the isotope carbon-13 was coincident with ...
May 2013
... what does this do for the idea that “feathered dinosaurs” were like Darwin’s finches? Simply that they “may have similarly adjusted their beak size” in a similar way. But did they do that on purpose? A Yale postdoc made this statement: “So, in a way, the evolution of modern dinosaurs — birds — provi ...
... what does this do for the idea that “feathered dinosaurs” were like Darwin’s finches? Simply that they “may have similarly adjusted their beak size” in a similar way. But did they do that on purpose? A Yale postdoc made this statement: “So, in a way, the evolution of modern dinosaurs — birds — provi ...
Strong Reciprocity and Human Sociality
... rounds most players are behaving in a self-interested manner (Dawes & Thaler, 1988; Ledyard, 1995). In a meta-study of 12 public goods experiments Fehr & Schmidt (1999) found that in the early rounds, average and median contribution levels ranged from 40 to 60% of the endowment, but in the "nal peri ...
... rounds most players are behaving in a self-interested manner (Dawes & Thaler, 1988; Ledyard, 1995). In a meta-study of 12 public goods experiments Fehr & Schmidt (1999) found that in the early rounds, average and median contribution levels ranged from 40 to 60% of the endowment, but in the "nal peri ...
Cambrian “Explosion,”
... The procedure of classifying organisms is called taxonomy, and the general name for individual groups is “taxa.” The rst question that needs to be addressed is “What is a phylum?” A phylum is often identied as a group of organisms sharing a basic “body plan” or a group united by a common org ...
... The procedure of classifying organisms is called taxonomy, and the general name for individual groups is “taxa.” The rst question that needs to be addressed is “What is a phylum?” A phylum is often identied as a group of organisms sharing a basic “body plan” or a group united by a common org ...
Final Review - Houston ISD
... Identify the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall Explain the processes of diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport Describe cell specialization Identify the organization levels in multicellular organisms Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Explain where plants get the ...
... Identify the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall Explain the processes of diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport Describe cell specialization Identify the organization levels in multicellular organisms Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Explain where plants get the ...
IntroductionThemes - St. Charles Parish Public Schools
... that has transformed life on Earth. • Biology is the scientific study of life. • Biologists ask questions such as: – How a single cell develops into an organism – How the human mind works – How living things interact in communities. ...
... that has transformed life on Earth. • Biology is the scientific study of life. • Biologists ask questions such as: – How a single cell develops into an organism – How the human mind works – How living things interact in communities. ...
Conditions for sympatric speciation
... Three types of genes have been proposed to promote sympatric speciation: habitat preference genes, assortative mating genes and habitat-based fitness genes. Previous computer models have analysed these genes separately or in pairs. In this paper we describe a multilocus model in which genes of all t ...
... Three types of genes have been proposed to promote sympatric speciation: habitat preference genes, assortative mating genes and habitat-based fitness genes. Previous computer models have analysed these genes separately or in pairs. In this paper we describe a multilocus model in which genes of all t ...
the biology of speciation
... the framework developed previously by Coyne and Orr (1989) for assessing the relative importance of different forms of isolation. We conclude by recommending that future speciation studies examine the contribution of all potential isolating barriers, whether they are caused by ecological or nonecolo ...
... the framework developed previously by Coyne and Orr (1989) for assessing the relative importance of different forms of isolation. We conclude by recommending that future speciation studies examine the contribution of all potential isolating barriers, whether they are caused by ecological or nonecolo ...
Descended from Darwin
... synthesis, Ernst Mayr, described the early twentieth century as rife with opposition to Darwinism. He pointed to the threat Darwinism posed to the argument from design, the lasting influence of essentialism, and the ambiguity of terms and phrases such as selection, species, and survival of the fitte ...
... synthesis, Ernst Mayr, described the early twentieth century as rife with opposition to Darwinism. He pointed to the threat Darwinism posed to the argument from design, the lasting influence of essentialism, and the ambiguity of terms and phrases such as selection, species, and survival of the fitte ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.