Parameter Control in Evolutionary Algorithms:Trends and Challenges
... alternative approaches to setting EA parameters. In case of tuning, M works in an off-line fashion and the parameter values it specifies remain fixed during the run of the given EA. In case of control, M works in an on-line fashion, i.e. parameters are given an initial value when starting the EA and ...
... alternative approaches to setting EA parameters. In case of tuning, M works in an off-line fashion and the parameter values it specifies remain fixed during the run of the given EA. In case of control, M works in an on-line fashion, i.e. parameters are given an initial value when starting the EA and ...
Darwin`s Evolutionary Ecology. Volume 92(4)
... many ingredients of ecology, but was weak in theory. The balance of nature, including Linnaeus’ version, economy of nature (Egerton 2007b:81–84), was the main example, and it was never developed as a precise theory (Egerton 1973, Kricher 2009). The evolutionary ideas of Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck ha ...
... many ingredients of ecology, but was weak in theory. The balance of nature, including Linnaeus’ version, economy of nature (Egerton 2007b:81–84), was the main example, and it was never developed as a precise theory (Egerton 1973, Kricher 2009). The evolutionary ideas of Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck ha ...
Evolution of bite force in Darwin`s finches: a key
... all beak dimensions in predictive strength. To explain this result we suggest that head width determines the maximum size, and thus maximum force generation capacity of finch jaw adductor muscles. We suggest that head width is functionally relevant and may be a previously unrecognized locus of natur ...
... all beak dimensions in predictive strength. To explain this result we suggest that head width determines the maximum size, and thus maximum force generation capacity of finch jaw adductor muscles. We suggest that head width is functionally relevant and may be a previously unrecognized locus of natur ...
Sympatric speciation in animals: the ugly duckling grows up
... disruptively selected traits and mate choice does not rest exclusively on the build up of linkage disequilibrium between unlinked genes. This pivotal body of work showed that the models outlined by Maynard Smith10 and Felsenstein8, in which recombination impedes speciation, form only one of several ...
... disruptively selected traits and mate choice does not rest exclusively on the build up of linkage disequilibrium between unlinked genes. This pivotal body of work showed that the models outlined by Maynard Smith10 and Felsenstein8, in which recombination impedes speciation, form only one of several ...
Chapter 6
... As detailed below, the classic interpretation of Fisher’s theorem, along with both versions of Robertson’s theorem and the breeder’s equation, are all approximations (albeit often good ones), not formal mathematical theorems. In contrast, Price’s general expression for any type of selection response ...
... As detailed below, the classic interpretation of Fisher’s theorem, along with both versions of Robertson’s theorem and the breeder’s equation, are all approximations (albeit often good ones), not formal mathematical theorems. In contrast, Price’s general expression for any type of selection response ...
Recent Evolutionary Theorizing About Economic Change
... evolutionary models or arguments because they are interesting in their own right, and which bring in empirical cases mainly as examples. Much, if not all, of this evolutionary theorizing has been developed by the authors because they have felt that “mechanical analogies” simply would not do for thei ...
... evolutionary models or arguments because they are interesting in their own right, and which bring in empirical cases mainly as examples. Much, if not all, of this evolutionary theorizing has been developed by the authors because they have felt that “mechanical analogies” simply would not do for thei ...
Why the Gene Will Not Return* Elisabeth A. Lloyd
... At what levels of biological organization do interactions occur that make a difference to replicator success? There are a number of ways to study this question, including modeling, experimentation, and fieldwork,11 and various methods have been proposed over the years for identifying interactors.12 ...
... At what levels of biological organization do interactions occur that make a difference to replicator success? There are a number of ways to study this question, including modeling, experimentation, and fieldwork,11 and various methods have been proposed over the years for identifying interactors.12 ...
Gene regulation and speciation in house mice
... evidence of both cis and trans divergence, the majority were categorized as cis + trans (24%, or 2392 genes); in the majority of these, cis and trans variants act in opposition (1626 genes) rather than in the same direction (766 genes) (Fig. 1B). Thirteen percent of genes were categorized as compens ...
... evidence of both cis and trans divergence, the majority were categorized as cis + trans (24%, or 2392 genes); in the majority of these, cis and trans variants act in opposition (1626 genes) rather than in the same direction (766 genes) (Fig. 1B). Thirteen percent of genes were categorized as compens ...
Unifying Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis and
... nineteenth century,' biology was characterized by disunity to such I Just when biology emerged as legitimate and autonomous science has been a contentious issue for historians of biology. Though the term was coined in the early years of the nineteenth century, an autonomous science of life, I will a ...
... nineteenth century,' biology was characterized by disunity to such I Just when biology emerged as legitimate and autonomous science has been a contentious issue for historians of biology. Though the term was coined in the early years of the nineteenth century, an autonomous science of life, I will a ...
Philosophy of Science Matters - The Shifting Balance of Factors
... no laws of nature that apply. This is the case in the example above: there are no laws of nature that apply to the origin of species, but the tutee may still want to ask, “How are new species formed?”—a question that the pragmatist is willing to accept as explanation-seeking. This explanation will a ...
... no laws of nature that apply. This is the case in the example above: there are no laws of nature that apply to the origin of species, but the tutee may still want to ask, “How are new species formed?”—a question that the pragmatist is willing to accept as explanation-seeking. This explanation will a ...
Final Review - Houston ISD
... Identify the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall Explain the processes of diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport Describe cell specialization Identify the organization levels in multicellular organisms Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Explain where plants get the ...
... Identify the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall Explain the processes of diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport Describe cell specialization Identify the organization levels in multicellular organisms Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Explain where plants get the ...
Thomson Wilson shift in bee and hummingbird
... be more or less successfully pollinated by most of them (Herrera 1996; Waser et al. 1996). Such generalized flowers present a variety of characters, and they resist functional categorization into pollination syndromes. In contrast, other taxa conform well to syndrome characterizations in that their ...
... be more or less successfully pollinated by most of them (Herrera 1996; Waser et al. 1996). Such generalized flowers present a variety of characters, and they resist functional categorization into pollination syndromes. In contrast, other taxa conform well to syndrome characterizations in that their ...
Review Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution
... event – high temperature lasting for several days – kills a majority of the individuals in the population (G1) before they can breed. The survivors (S1) of this selective event then breed and the mean heat tolerance in their offspring (G2) is somewhat higher than for their parents (G1). The differen ...
... event – high temperature lasting for several days – kills a majority of the individuals in the population (G1) before they can breed. The survivors (S1) of this selective event then breed and the mean heat tolerance in their offspring (G2) is somewhat higher than for their parents (G1). The differen ...
the tortoise and the cactus – teacher handout
... Question: Which islands probably used to have turtles, but no longer do? How could you tell? Rabida, Pinzon, Santa Fe, and Santa Maria probably used to have turtles. Their Opuntia are the arborescent forms. Question: Predict how the Opuntia on these islands may change now that they do not have to li ...
... Question: Which islands probably used to have turtles, but no longer do? How could you tell? Rabida, Pinzon, Santa Fe, and Santa Maria probably used to have turtles. Their Opuntia are the arborescent forms. Question: Predict how the Opuntia on these islands may change now that they do not have to li ...
Darwinism and Whitman`s Poetic Program
... ideal democracy. As well as singing of science and religion, Leaves of Grass intends to be "the song of a great composite democratic individual . .. [and] the thread-voice ... of an aggregated, inseparable, unprecedented, vast, composite, electric democratic nationality":(PW 1872, 463). In Leaves o ...
... ideal democracy. As well as singing of science and religion, Leaves of Grass intends to be "the song of a great composite democratic individual . .. [and] the thread-voice ... of an aggregated, inseparable, unprecedented, vast, composite, electric democratic nationality":(PW 1872, 463). In Leaves o ...
The Origin of Species
... other resources Ò食物收成與其他因素牽動人口族群變動 • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations Ò正向發展的遺傳特徵會增加其於群體中的出 現頻度，並增加個體在適應上的優勢 ...
... other resources Ò食物收成與其他因素牽動人口族群變動 • If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in the population, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with adaptations Ò正向發展的遺傳特徵會增加其於群體中的出 現頻度，並增加個體在適應上的優勢 ...
1 The diagram shows part of a pre-mRNA molecule. 1 (a) (i) Name
... Scientists investigated the effect of a pesticide called malathion on the survival of tadpoles of species of toads found in the USA. The scientists determined the LC50 for the tadpoles of each species over a 16-day period in an aquarium. The LC50 is the concentration of malathion that killed 50 perc ...
... Scientists investigated the effect of a pesticide called malathion on the survival of tadpoles of species of toads found in the USA. The scientists determined the LC50 for the tadpoles of each species over a 16-day period in an aquarium. The LC50 is the concentration of malathion that killed 50 perc ...
Stewart_Kathryn_A_201302_PhD - QSpace
... of secondary contact of two such lineages (Eastern and Interior) in Southwestern Ontario using genetic, morphological, acoustical, experimental, and behavioural evidence to show accentuated divergence of the mate recognition system in sympatry. Mitochondrial and microsatellite data distinguish these ...
... of secondary contact of two such lineages (Eastern and Interior) in Southwestern Ontario using genetic, morphological, acoustical, experimental, and behavioural evidence to show accentuated divergence of the mate recognition system in sympatry. Mitochondrial and microsatellite data distinguish these ...
Darwin and His Pigeons. The Analogy Between Artificial and Natural
... happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to ...
... happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to ...
Sexual selection and temporal phenotypic variation in a damselfly
... cause phenotypic distributions to vary both within and between generations (Wade & Kalisz, 1990). To illustrate, imagine a population that experiences a static fitness surface favouring an intermediate phenotype (stabilizing selection: Fig. 1b). As the position of the phenotypic distribution changes ...
... cause phenotypic distributions to vary both within and between generations (Wade & Kalisz, 1990). To illustrate, imagine a population that experiences a static fitness surface favouring an intermediate phenotype (stabilizing selection: Fig. 1b). As the position of the phenotypic distribution changes ...
Document
... populations were phenotypically more diverse, less stable and less productive compared to non- ...
... populations were phenotypically more diverse, less stable and less productive compared to non- ...
Life Science
... ● Identify the factors that affect the number and types of organisms an ecosystem can support are food availability, abiotic factors such as quantity of light and water, temperature and temperature range, soil composition, disease, competitions from other organisms, and predation (DOK 2) Response to ...
... ● Identify the factors that affect the number and types of organisms an ecosystem can support are food availability, abiotic factors such as quantity of light and water, temperature and temperature range, soil composition, disease, competitions from other organisms, and predation (DOK 2) Response to ...
9700/04 - StudyGuide.PK
... the drought years was their large beak size. The main environmental consequences of drought is the decline in food supply, mainly seeds. During normal years, many grasses and herbs produce an abundance of small seeds. A few other plants produce a much smaller number of large seeds which are not norm ...
... the drought years was their large beak size. The main environmental consequences of drought is the decline in food supply, mainly seeds. During normal years, many grasses and herbs produce an abundance of small seeds. A few other plants produce a much smaller number of large seeds which are not norm ...
Chapter 6: Natural selection on phenotypes
... Disruptive selection is potentially important because it can maintain phenotypic and genetic variation in the short term, and could result in adaptive differentiation and even speciation if the two phenotypic extremes become reproductively isolated. However, there is little strong evidence for disru ...
... Disruptive selection is potentially important because it can maintain phenotypic and genetic variation in the short term, and could result in adaptive differentiation and even speciation if the two phenotypic extremes become reproductively isolated. However, there is little strong evidence for disru ...
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
... category of formal causes separate from the efficient causes. The idea that organisms are perfectly adapted to their environments predates evolutionary theory. This idea was central to natural theology in which the perfect fit of organism and environment was considered evidence of di ...
... category of formal causes separate from the efficient causes. The idea that organisms are perfectly adapted to their environments predates evolutionary theory. This idea was central to natural theology in which the perfect fit of organism and environment was considered evidence of di ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.