Mechanical stress, fracture risk and beak evolution in Darwin`s
... One contribution of 13 to a Theme Issue ‘Darwin’s Galápagos finches in modern evolutionary biology’. ...
... One contribution of 13 to a Theme Issue ‘Darwin’s Galápagos finches in modern evolutionary biology’. ...
Geospiza - Anthony Herrel
... One contribution of 13 to a Theme Issue ‘Darwin’s Galápagos finches in modern evolutionary biology’. ...
... One contribution of 13 to a Theme Issue ‘Darwin’s Galápagos finches in modern evolutionary biology’. ...
WHAT GOOD IS GENOMIC IMPRINTING: THE FUNCTION OF
... calculations of inclusive fitness can be illustrated by asking the question, would Haldane have given his life to save three half-brothers? For this purpose, assume that the four half-brothers (including Haldane) have the same mother but different fathers, and have identical reproductive prospects. ...
... calculations of inclusive fitness can be illustrated by asking the question, would Haldane have given his life to save three half-brothers? For this purpose, assume that the four half-brothers (including Haldane) have the same mother but different fathers, and have identical reproductive prospects. ...
Anthro notes : National Museum of Natural History bulletin for teachers
... and leave more offspring. Evolution was ...
... and leave more offspring. Evolution was ...
On Adaptive Accuracy and Precision in Natural Populations
... and variance of the absolute difference between left and right sides, FA p FR ⫺ LF (Palmer’s FA1), or the variance of unsigned FA, Var [R ⫺ L] (Palmer’s FA4). From a few studies we also used size-corrected FA (Palmer’s FA2 or FA6) or FA measured on a log scale. We made sure to compute the variance d ...
... and variance of the absolute difference between left and right sides, FA p FR ⫺ LF (Palmer’s FA1), or the variance of unsigned FA, Var [R ⫺ L] (Palmer’s FA4). From a few studies we also used size-corrected FA (Palmer’s FA2 or FA6) or FA measured on a log scale. We made sure to compute the variance d ...
The Flamingo`s Smile - A Website About Stephen Jay Gould`s
... inside their beaks that strain these creatures from the water, along with a most un-birdlike muscular tongue that acts as a pump. These, however, are not the features that Gould wishes to discuss in this essay. Instead, it is the shape of the beak itself, which has been extensively modified to supp ...
... inside their beaks that strain these creatures from the water, along with a most un-birdlike muscular tongue that acts as a pump. These, however, are not the features that Gould wishes to discuss in this essay. Instead, it is the shape of the beak itself, which has been extensively modified to supp ...
On the Origin of Controversies: Improving California Science
... account for the origins of life. They contend that all non-naturalistic theories are inherently religious in nature and therefore out-of-bounds for discussio n in the science classroom. Such preclusions make a mockery of the scientific method and violate constitutional provisions that encourage the ...
... account for the origins of life. They contend that all non-naturalistic theories are inherently religious in nature and therefore out-of-bounds for discussio n in the science classroom. Such preclusions make a mockery of the scientific method and violate constitutional provisions that encourage the ...
Forces that influence the evolution of codon bias
... became apparent that most amino acids are encoded by multiple (two to six) codons, which typically differ only at the third nucleotide of the codon. With the introduction of DNA sequencing in the late 1970s, it emerged that these alternative synonymous codons are not used with equal frequencies. Two ...
... became apparent that most amino acids are encoded by multiple (two to six) codons, which typically differ only at the third nucleotide of the codon. With the introduction of DNA sequencing in the late 1970s, it emerged that these alternative synonymous codons are not used with equal frequencies. Two ...
Cladistic analysis or cladistic classification?
... b. Cladistic systematics (Cladistics) Organisms are classified and ranked, according to this theory, exclusively on the basis of “recency of common descent”. Membership of species in taxa is recognized by the joint possession of derived (“apomorphous”) characters. Grouping and ranking are given simu ...
... b. Cladistic systematics (Cladistics) Organisms are classified and ranked, according to this theory, exclusively on the basis of “recency of common descent”. Membership of species in taxa is recognized by the joint possession of derived (“apomorphous”) characters. Grouping and ranking are given simu ...
- Wiley Online Library
... sterility, particularly in plants (Stebbins 1958), but fell from favor as a general mechanism of postzygotic reproductive isolation several decades ago. Because novel chromosomal arrangements must initially occur as heterozygotes, those with strongly underdominant effects on fertility (i.e., those t ...
... sterility, particularly in plants (Stebbins 1958), but fell from favor as a general mechanism of postzygotic reproductive isolation several decades ago. Because novel chromosomal arrangements must initially occur as heterozygotes, those with strongly underdominant effects on fertility (i.e., those t ...
Fishman et al. 2013 - College of Humanities and Sciences
... species pairs in Drosophila (Noor et al. 2001) and Anopheles mosquitoes (Ayala and Coluzzi 2005) are distinguished by higher numbers of fixed inversions than allopatric pairs. These examples suggest that segregating inversion polymorphisms within species as well as those fixed between species are co ...
... species pairs in Drosophila (Noor et al. 2001) and Anopheles mosquitoes (Ayala and Coluzzi 2005) are distinguished by higher numbers of fixed inversions than allopatric pairs. These examples suggest that segregating inversion polymorphisms within species as well as those fixed between species are co ...
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION AND LOCAL ADAPTATION
... This heuristic algorithm samples the parameter space sequentially, starting from an arbitrary set of parameters. Random changes are then made to the parameter set. The new values are always accepted if they increase the likelihood of the data. A change that decreases the likelihood is accepted with ...
... This heuristic algorithm samples the parameter space sequentially, starting from an arbitrary set of parameters. Random changes are then made to the parameter set. The new values are always accepted if they increase the likelihood of the data. A change that decreases the likelihood is accepted with ...
Margulis L - Jason G. Goldman
... and 2000s, this one proposed in 1972 by British chemist James Lovelock. The basic idea of Lovelock’s “Gaia theory” was that all of life on earth — that is, all organisms — is engaged in a symbiotic relationship with the environment in which life occurs, the inorganic material that sustains life. A s ...
... and 2000s, this one proposed in 1972 by British chemist James Lovelock. The basic idea of Lovelock’s “Gaia theory” was that all of life on earth — that is, all organisms — is engaged in a symbiotic relationship with the environment in which life occurs, the inorganic material that sustains life. A s ...
5 The Theory of Natural Selection - The application of population
... both will become 563 AA, 375 Aa, and 62 aa if the population size remains 1,000. (Fractions of an individual have been rounded to make the numbers add to 1,000. The proportions are 9/16, 6/16, and 1/16.) After reaching those frequencies immediately, in one generation, the population stays at the Har ...
... both will become 563 AA, 375 Aa, and 62 aa if the population size remains 1,000. (Fractions of an individual have been rounded to make the numbers add to 1,000. The proportions are 9/16, 6/16, and 1/16.) After reaching those frequencies immediately, in one generation, the population stays at the Har ...
Geospiza ground finches ( Mechanical stress, fracture risk and beak
... One contribution of 13 to a Theme Issue ‘Darwin’s Galápagos finches in modern evolutionary biology’. ...
... One contribution of 13 to a Theme Issue ‘Darwin’s Galápagos finches in modern evolutionary biology’. ...
Evolution Practice
... https://www.connexus.com/assessments/engine.aspx?idWebuserAss…ment=231812138&mode=review&resize=true&popup=true&close=true ...
... https://www.connexus.com/assessments/engine.aspx?idWebuserAss…ment=231812138&mode=review&resize=true&popup=true&close=true ...
nosil vines funk 2005 evolution
... on the focal species. Thus, we searched on the topic of ‘‘[species name] AND (isolation or barrier* or gene flow or speciati*)’’ and then scanned titles and abstracts to identify appropriate literature. In this way, we identified taxa for which data had been collected that were relevant to immigrant ...
... on the focal species. Thus, we searched on the topic of ‘‘[species name] AND (isolation or barrier* or gene flow or speciati*)’’ and then scanned titles and abstracts to identify appropriate literature. In this way, we identified taxa for which data had been collected that were relevant to immigrant ...
Evolutionary Response to Selection on Clutch Size in a Long‐Term
... ringed with a unique metal British Trust for Ornithology ring and a large numbered plastic (Darvic) ring that can be read in the field without having to recapture the bird. It was usually possible to identify the parents of each cygnet, but because the cygnets can switch broods, a small number of th ...
... ringed with a unique metal British Trust for Ornithology ring and a large numbered plastic (Darvic) ring that can be read in the field without having to recapture the bird. It was usually possible to identify the parents of each cygnet, but because the cygnets can switch broods, a small number of th ...
Adaptive Speciation: Epilogue
... diverging subpopulations. Part A of this book is devoted to explaining the theory of adaptive speciation in some detail. The theory is developed within the framework of adaptive dynamics, and is based on the phenomenon of evolutionary branching. The basic notions used in this theoretical framework f ...
... diverging subpopulations. Part A of this book is devoted to explaining the theory of adaptive speciation in some detail. The theory is developed within the framework of adaptive dynamics, and is based on the phenomenon of evolutionary branching. The basic notions used in this theoretical framework f ...
worksheet: classifying mammals
... An organism’s characteristics are determined by genes. Our skin, eye and hair colour, height, weight, sex and blood group are examples of characteristics which are determined by genes. We human beings have about 30,000 genes, but simpler organisms have a lot fewer genes. The more genes that humans h ...
... An organism’s characteristics are determined by genes. Our skin, eye and hair colour, height, weight, sex and blood group are examples of characteristics which are determined by genes. We human beings have about 30,000 genes, but simpler organisms have a lot fewer genes. The more genes that humans h ...
Evolutionary stasis, constraint and other
... the pattern of gains and losses in these characters as they relate t o the presumed ecological context of each change. Researchers may find some evidenceto support their adaptive hypotheses, but in most cases the pattern is not perfect. Often, phylogenetic effects are offered as explanations for dev ...
... the pattern of gains and losses in these characters as they relate t o the presumed ecological context of each change. Researchers may find some evidenceto support their adaptive hypotheses, but in most cases the pattern is not perfect. Often, phylogenetic effects are offered as explanations for dev ...
Behavioral changes, ecological niches and adaptive diversification
... Researchers have long been fascinated by the extraordinary variety of life forms and have tried to understand how evolution generated all this diversity across the tree of life. Although great progress ...
... Researchers have long been fascinated by the extraordinary variety of life forms and have tried to understand how evolution generated all this diversity across the tree of life. Although great progress ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.