- Megan Woolfit
... slowed down (Bromham, 2003). However, a body size effect seems unlikely to provide a general explanation for the discrepancy between palaeontological and molecular dates for explosive radiations. The radiation of modern bird orders is not characterized by increase in body size across all orders. For ...
... slowed down (Bromham, 2003). However, a body size effect seems unlikely to provide a general explanation for the discrepancy between palaeontological and molecular dates for explosive radiations. The radiation of modern bird orders is not characterized by increase in body size across all orders. For ...
A Unifying Theory of Biological Function van Hateren, Johannes
... arising from the physical environment. But it also includes population-level feedbacks, such as the Malthusian factor. This factor reduces the fitness of all organisms in a population when the population size approaches the environmental carrying capacity (e.g., when food or space becomes scarce). F ...
... arising from the physical environment. But it also includes population-level feedbacks, such as the Malthusian factor. This factor reduces the fitness of all organisms in a population when the population size approaches the environmental carrying capacity (e.g., when food or space becomes scarce). F ...
SCI Grade 8 Shaping Natural Systems through Evolution
... material used with permission of the copyright holder. Please see Image and Text Credits for specific information regarding third copyrights. Credits and images: This curriculum is based largely upon the California Education and the Environment Initiative (EEI) Curriculum, which was developed by the ...
... material used with permission of the copyright holder. Please see Image and Text Credits for specific information regarding third copyrights. Credits and images: This curriculum is based largely upon the California Education and the Environment Initiative (EEI) Curriculum, which was developed by the ...
Philosophy of Biology: A Contemporary Introduction
... department of “moral science.” The reason is not hard to see. The history of Western philosophy is the history of a discipline that has been “spinning off” sciences since about 300 BC when Euclid wrote the Elements and established the separate discipline of mathematics. It was only much later, in th ...
... department of “moral science.” The reason is not hard to see. The history of Western philosophy is the history of a discipline that has been “spinning off” sciences since about 300 BC when Euclid wrote the Elements and established the separate discipline of mathematics. It was only much later, in th ...
Why and how do we age? - American Federation for Aging Research
... Natural selection, because it operates via reproduction, can have little effect on later life. In the wild, predation and accidents guarantee that there are always more younger individuals reproducing than older ones. Genes and mutations that have harmful effects that appear only after reproduction ...
... Natural selection, because it operates via reproduction, can have little effect on later life. In the wild, predation and accidents guarantee that there are always more younger individuals reproducing than older ones. Genes and mutations that have harmful effects that appear only after reproduction ...
Murdering Darwin`s Child—Toward an Intelligent Evolution and a
... mesticated animal breeding as a proof for the operations of natural selection. (More about this second point shortly.) Of course, both Darwin and Wallace argued that their theories were principles based upon a constantly changing environment along with very small variations that affected individual ...
... mesticated animal breeding as a proof for the operations of natural selection. (More about this second point shortly.) Of course, both Darwin and Wallace argued that their theories were principles based upon a constantly changing environment along with very small variations that affected individual ...
Keystone Review
... (1) Both are involved in asexual reproduction. (2) Both occur only in reproductive cells. (3) The number of chromosomes is reduced by half. (4) DNA replication occurs before the division of the nucleus. ...
... (1) Both are involved in asexual reproduction. (2) Both occur only in reproductive cells. (3) The number of chromosomes is reduced by half. (4) DNA replication occurs before the division of the nucleus. ...
COLEGIO DECROLY AMERICANO
... Identify the features of mollusks and name the different classes of mollusks. Describe the traits of a segmented worm. Identify the characteristics of arthropods and name the different classes. Relate the function of the exoskeleton to its function. Explain the importance of insects and its environm ...
... Identify the features of mollusks and name the different classes of mollusks. Describe the traits of a segmented worm. Identify the characteristics of arthropods and name the different classes. Relate the function of the exoskeleton to its function. Explain the importance of insects and its environm ...
Evolutionary Approaches to Creativity
... However, human creativity is unique in that it has completely transformed the planet we live on. We build skyscrapers, play breathtaking cello sonatas, send ourselves into space, and even decode our own DNA. Given that the anatomy of the human brain is not so different from that of the great apes, w ...
... However, human creativity is unique in that it has completely transformed the planet we live on. We build skyscrapers, play breathtaking cello sonatas, send ourselves into space, and even decode our own DNA. Given that the anatomy of the human brain is not so different from that of the great apes, w ...
The evolutionary significance of phenotypic
... usage in this set of articles. * If organisms always produce the same phenotype, regardless of variation in the environment, the relationship is described as canalization. In addition, Waddington ...
... usage in this set of articles. * If organisms always produce the same phenotype, regardless of variation in the environment, the relationship is described as canalization. In addition, Waddington ...
Phenotypic plasticity in evolutionary rescue experiments
... specific attribute of defining adaptiveness for other traits (thus causing their evolution), and because it can determine population growth [4,22,23]. Importantly for ER, the focus is on absolute fitness (broadly defined as the expected number of offspring in the next generation), rather than on rel ...
... specific attribute of defining adaptiveness for other traits (thus causing their evolution), and because it can determine population growth [4,22,23]. Importantly for ER, the focus is on absolute fitness (broadly defined as the expected number of offspring in the next generation), rather than on rel ...
How might epigenetics contribute to ecological speciation?
... more contentious is whether or not induced epigenetic marks can be stably inherited for a number of generations without continued induction and independently from the underlying genetic variation. If such marks can ...
... more contentious is whether or not induced epigenetic marks can be stably inherited for a number of generations without continued induction and independently from the underlying genetic variation. If such marks can ...
How might epigenetics contribute to ecological speciation?
... more contentious is whether or not induced epigenetic marks can be stably inherited for a number of generations without continued induction and independently from the underlying genetic variation. If such marks can ...
... more contentious is whether or not induced epigenetic marks can be stably inherited for a number of generations without continued induction and independently from the underlying genetic variation. If such marks can ...
Charles Darwin: A Christian Undermining Christianity?
... Moreover, Paley, in Natural Theology, advocated the lawfulness of a mechanical world on theological grounds: a ‘law presupposes an agent’. To Paley, the Book of Nature demonstrated that the Deity was acting according to general laws. Referring especially to Newtonian physics, Paley emphasised that t ...
... Moreover, Paley, in Natural Theology, advocated the lawfulness of a mechanical world on theological grounds: a ‘law presupposes an agent’. To Paley, the Book of Nature demonstrated that the Deity was acting according to general laws. Referring especially to Newtonian physics, Paley emphasised that t ...
Unit B Ecosystems, Populations - Penhold Crossing Secondary School
... B. amount of sunlight C. amount of available moisture D. the types of animals inhabiting the area Which of the following is not considered a Kingdom in the six-kingdom system? A. Archaebacteria B. Viruses C. Fungi D. Plantae Which of the following scientists was associated with forming the Theory of ...
... B. amount of sunlight C. amount of available moisture D. the types of animals inhabiting the area Which of the following is not considered a Kingdom in the six-kingdom system? A. Archaebacteria B. Viruses C. Fungi D. Plantae Which of the following scientists was associated with forming the Theory of ...
Evolution and development of shape: integrating
... influence the development of morphological traits is the subject of a long-standing debate in biology. In particular, a central question for evo-devo is how development translates genomic variation into the shape variation that is available for evolution by selection or drift. Quantifying total gene ...
... influence the development of morphological traits is the subject of a long-standing debate in biology. In particular, a central question for evo-devo is how development translates genomic variation into the shape variation that is available for evolution by selection or drift. Quantifying total gene ...
Genomics of local adaptation with gene flow
... Gene flow is a fundamental evolutionary force in adaptation that is especially important to understand as humans are rapidly changing both the natural environment and natural levels of gene flow. Theory proposes a multifaceted role for gene flow in adaptation, but it focuses mainly on the disruptive ...
... Gene flow is a fundamental evolutionary force in adaptation that is especially important to understand as humans are rapidly changing both the natural environment and natural levels of gene flow. Theory proposes a multifaceted role for gene flow in adaptation, but it focuses mainly on the disruptive ...
evolution of increased resistance in hosts Experimental
... investing resources in resistance comes at the expense of investment in other fitness-related traits [10,11]. Supporting these ideas, resistance –fecundity trade-offs have been documented in many organisms [15]. The handful of studies that have directly tested for the evolution of resistance under r ...
... investing resources in resistance comes at the expense of investment in other fitness-related traits [10,11]. Supporting these ideas, resistance –fecundity trade-offs have been documented in many organisms [15]. The handful of studies that have directly tested for the evolution of resistance under r ...
Probability in Biology: The Case of Fitness Roberta L. Millstein
... premise that I use the term Struggle for Existence in a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of the individual, but success in leaving progeny” (1859: 62; emphasis added) and “can we doubt (remembering t ...
... premise that I use the term Struggle for Existence in a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of the individual, but success in leaving progeny” (1859: 62; emphasis added) and “can we doubt (remembering t ...
Experimental elimination of parasites in nature
... investing resources in resistance comes at the expense of investment in other fitness-related traits [10,11]. Supporting these ideas, resistance –fecundity trade-offs have been documented in many organisms [15]. The handful of studies that have directly tested for the evolution of resistance under r ...
... investing resources in resistance comes at the expense of investment in other fitness-related traits [10,11]. Supporting these ideas, resistance –fecundity trade-offs have been documented in many organisms [15]. The handful of studies that have directly tested for the evolution of resistance under r ...
a new use for an old theory - PUC-SP
... limiting disadvantages, actual or possible” which the principle of natural selection “may not have comprehended in its action” (PD, p.107). Specifically, if any type of variation has been preserved for certain advantages conveyed to the body in the “struggle for existence”, or even without any selec ...
... limiting disadvantages, actual or possible” which the principle of natural selection “may not have comprehended in its action” (PD, p.107). Specifically, if any type of variation has been preserved for certain advantages conveyed to the body in the “struggle for existence”, or even without any selec ...
Biology Textbook - South Sevier High School
... o Lymphatic system: What happens when your tonsils cause more problems than they solve? (Pg 176) o Reproductive system: What hormones are needed? (Pg 177) Organs of other organisms: What makes animals different? (Pg 180) o Fish organ systems: How many chambers are in their heart? (Pg 180) o Bird org ...
... o Lymphatic system: What happens when your tonsils cause more problems than they solve? (Pg 176) o Reproductive system: What hormones are needed? (Pg 177) Organs of other organisms: What makes animals different? (Pg 180) o Fish organ systems: How many chambers are in their heart? (Pg 180) o Bird org ...
Evolution, Biogeography, and Maps
... movements of organisms. If it is fair to say that Wallace's line came to represent not only geographical boundaries of existing species but their history as well, then we must articulate how the map came to have this meaning. In other words, if both evolutionary and nonevolutionary faunal regions ca ...
... movements of organisms. If it is fair to say that Wallace's line came to represent not only geographical boundaries of existing species but their history as well, then we must articulate how the map came to have this meaning. In other words, if both evolutionary and nonevolutionary faunal regions ca ...
(political) origin of “corporate governance” species
... preserved are those bestowing an advantage in the struggle to survive. Darwinian principles of variation, inheritance, and selection may include many different economic perspectives. For instance, Alchian (1950) argued that uncertainty and innovation fuel variation and that competition selects the f ...
... preserved are those bestowing an advantage in the struggle to survive. Darwinian principles of variation, inheritance, and selection may include many different economic perspectives. For instance, Alchian (1950) argued that uncertainty and innovation fuel variation and that competition selects the f ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.