Nabokov, Teleology, and Insect Mimicry
... could ever prove the existence of a transcendent intelligence that devised the aesthetic and telic laws of form and function. Aesthetic and teleological phenomena only seem to the reflective judgment to be indicative of a divine designer. Nabokov's attitude is Kantian when he writes in this oft-quo ...
... could ever prove the existence of a transcendent intelligence that devised the aesthetic and telic laws of form and function. Aesthetic and teleological phenomena only seem to the reflective judgment to be indicative of a divine designer. Nabokov's attitude is Kantian when he writes in this oft-quo ...
(political) origin of “corporate governance” species
... preserved are those bestowing an advantage in the struggle to survive. Darwinian principles of variation, inheritance, and selection may include many different economic perspectives. For instance, Alchian (1950) argued that uncertainty and innovation fuel variation and that competition selects the f ...
... preserved are those bestowing an advantage in the struggle to survive. Darwinian principles of variation, inheritance, and selection may include many different economic perspectives. For instance, Alchian (1950) argued that uncertainty and innovation fuel variation and that competition selects the f ...
THE ROLE OF METAPHOR IN THE DARWIN DEBATES: NATURAL
... Chesterton, and Charles Spurgeon, reveals two categories of counter-metaphors used to defend natural theology: metaphors of awe and wonder associated with nature, and metaphors of sin and destruction associated with evolution. The language of the counter-metaphors reveals the thinking of nineteenth ...
... Chesterton, and Charles Spurgeon, reveals two categories of counter-metaphors used to defend natural theology: metaphors of awe and wonder associated with nature, and metaphors of sin and destruction associated with evolution. The language of the counter-metaphors reveals the thinking of nineteenth ...
Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Urodela
... history, is dissociative only at the level of somatic versus reproductive organs, and is age-structured, it can be evaluated primarily in terms of the four rate phenomena provided in Table 1. The special case of differential metamorphosis in cryptobranchids, amphiumids, and a few other taxa is consi ...
... history, is dissociative only at the level of somatic versus reproductive organs, and is age-structured, it can be evaluated primarily in terms of the four rate phenomena provided in Table 1. The special case of differential metamorphosis in cryptobranchids, amphiumids, and a few other taxa is consi ...
Forcing Strategic Evolution: the saf as an adaptive organization
... traits to future generations, which is the process of natural selection. Combined with the fact that genetic traits can be varied and hereditary, in a changing environment over a long period of time, variations are seen in populations, resulting in evolutionary change Throughout the centuries, the n ...
... traits to future generations, which is the process of natural selection. Combined with the fact that genetic traits can be varied and hereditary, in a changing environment over a long period of time, variations are seen in populations, resulting in evolutionary change Throughout the centuries, the n ...
Reprint
... strong predation on large individuals have evolved an increased reproductive effort and attain maturity at a smaller size and earlier age compared with populations exposed to weaker predation on primarily small individuals (but for results suggesting that the situation is likely more complex, see Re ...
... strong predation on large individuals have evolved an increased reproductive effort and attain maturity at a smaller size and earlier age compared with populations exposed to weaker predation on primarily small individuals (but for results suggesting that the situation is likely more complex, see Re ...
Pollen limitation and its influence on natural selection through seed set
... between pollen limitation and selection The magnitude and direction of selection frequently change over time and space (Siepielski et al., 2009; Kingsolver & Diamond, 2011), and this variation may reflect differences in the strength of ecological interactions such as herbivory and pollination (Benkm ...
... between pollen limitation and selection The magnitude and direction of selection frequently change over time and space (Siepielski et al., 2009; Kingsolver & Diamond, 2011), and this variation may reflect differences in the strength of ecological interactions such as herbivory and pollination (Benkm ...
Paleo Dig Pit - Arizona Museum of Natural History
... plaster jacket is opened and the preparators carefully begin to remove the rock and/or dirt from the fossil. As they work, they record the positions and orientations of the fossils they encounter before removing them from the jacket. Sometimes the fossil is not removed from the remaining portio ...
... plaster jacket is opened and the preparators carefully begin to remove the rock and/or dirt from the fossil. As they work, they record the positions and orientations of the fossils they encounter before removing them from the jacket. Sometimes the fossil is not removed from the remaining portio ...
High school students` conceptual understanding of natural selection
... Life Science Standard 3-2: Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variation may result from: (1) new genetic combinations through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication and/or (3) mutations caused by environmental factors Life Science Standard 4-2: Constr ...
... Life Science Standard 3-2: Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variation may result from: (1) new genetic combinations through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication and/or (3) mutations caused by environmental factors Life Science Standard 4-2: Constr ...
intraspecific variation in sexual isolation in the
... before eclosion. Pupae were sorted by gender into glass vials and kept at 258C until eclosion. Mating frequency was assayed according to the methods below, using one- to twoday-old adults. In each group, all possible crosses were performed in a diallel or grid format. Per replicate, two males and fi ...
... before eclosion. Pupae were sorted by gender into glass vials and kept at 258C until eclosion. Mating frequency was assayed according to the methods below, using one- to twoday-old adults. In each group, all possible crosses were performed in a diallel or grid format. Per replicate, two males and fi ...
Darwin`s Dice: The Idea of Chance in the Thought of Charles Darwin
... with longer legs or more hair are likely to have children with these same traits, or even with these same traits more pronounced, and so on down the line of generation. In other words, variations often have a tendency to be preserved. (3) Competition for survival. More creatures are born in every s ...
... with longer legs or more hair are likely to have children with these same traits, or even with these same traits more pronounced, and so on down the line of generation. In other words, variations often have a tendency to be preserved. (3) Competition for survival. More creatures are born in every s ...
Predator-Prey
... the degree to which the fitness of one individual is predicted by the trait of another. Fitness may be relatively unpredictable because the race is run under a variety of environmental conditions, because other traits of predator or prey compensate for deficiencies in the focal trait (e.g., prey may ...
... the degree to which the fitness of one individual is predicted by the trait of another. Fitness may be relatively unpredictable because the race is run under a variety of environmental conditions, because other traits of predator or prey compensate for deficiencies in the focal trait (e.g., prey may ...
Canalization, Genetic Assimilation and Preadaptation: A
... Waddington (1957, 1961) who, in particular, maintained that genetic assimilation plays an important evolutionary role by generating substantial phenotypic innovations and accelerating adaptation to foreign environments. In fact, according to his view, as soon as a population faces a sudden but lasti ...
... Waddington (1957, 1961) who, in particular, maintained that genetic assimilation plays an important evolutionary role by generating substantial phenotypic innovations and accelerating adaptation to foreign environments. In fact, according to his view, as soon as a population faces a sudden but lasti ...
genetic differentiation by sexual conflict
... and Hosken 2003) directly show that sexual conflict causes rapid coevolution in reproductive traits. Molecular studies also demonstrate rapid evolution in many genes that mediate sexual reproduction, such as those involved in gamete recognition (reviewed in Swanson and Vacquier 2002). At least some ...
... and Hosken 2003) directly show that sexual conflict causes rapid coevolution in reproductive traits. Molecular studies also demonstrate rapid evolution in many genes that mediate sexual reproduction, such as those involved in gamete recognition (reviewed in Swanson and Vacquier 2002). At least some ...
Leap of Faith: Intelligent Design`s Trajectory after Dover
... a proper, literal reading of the inerrant Bible demonstrated that humans could not be related to primates,8 a concept widely accepted among ...
... a proper, literal reading of the inerrant Bible demonstrated that humans could not be related to primates,8 a concept widely accepted among ...
setting the stage: phenotypic plasticity as habitat selection
... specialization and divergence. More recently, the evolutionary quantitative genetics of “indirect genetic effects” on phenotypic evolution have been explored, framed again within the context of the evolution of animal behavior. Indirect genetic ...
... specialization and divergence. More recently, the evolutionary quantitative genetics of “indirect genetic effects” on phenotypic evolution have been explored, framed again within the context of the evolution of animal behavior. Indirect genetic ...
Debates enrich our understanding of pollination biology
... between plant and pollinator is less useful than recognizing that pollination specialization reflects an evolutionary response to convergent selective pressures mediated by pollinators [3]. Likewise, if generalized pollination systems are common in nature because several ecological factors prevent s ...
... between plant and pollinator is less useful than recognizing that pollination specialization reflects an evolutionary response to convergent selective pressures mediated by pollinators [3]. Likewise, if generalized pollination systems are common in nature because several ecological factors prevent s ...
The Multipredator Hypothesis and the Evolutionary Persistence of
... antipredator behavior can influence the phenotypic response to isolation from predators (Blumstein 2002). Specifically, relatively hard-wired traits will have evolutionary responses, while relatively experience-dependent traits will have an immediate response to the loss of experience with predators ...
... antipredator behavior can influence the phenotypic response to isolation from predators (Blumstein 2002). Specifically, relatively hard-wired traits will have evolutionary responses, while relatively experience-dependent traits will have an immediate response to the loss of experience with predators ...
Mating type and pheromone genes in the species complex: an evolutionary perspective
... many species are thought to have ubiquitous dispersal over an unlimited range (Finlay 2002), ruling out allopatry. Several recent studies have shown that allopatric speciation has occurred in some fungi; yet many cases of apparent sympatric speciation are yet to be fully understood (reviewed by Gira ...
... many species are thought to have ubiquitous dispersal over an unlimited range (Finlay 2002), ruling out allopatry. Several recent studies have shown that allopatric speciation has occurred in some fungi; yet many cases of apparent sympatric speciation are yet to be fully understood (reviewed by Gira ...
CLASSIFICATION
... which plants were edible and which were poisonous. A new plant or animal discovered by humans was (and still is) studied and put into a group. Some plants were found to help sick people and others were poisonous. Some animals could produce food (e.g. milk and eggs). Each generation of scientists wor ...
... which plants were edible and which were poisonous. A new plant or animal discovered by humans was (and still is) studied and put into a group. Some plants were found to help sick people and others were poisonous. Some animals could produce food (e.g. milk and eggs). Each generation of scientists wor ...
Honors Chapter 1 and 2 learning objectives
... Essential Question B. What is the science of biology, and how does science work? Define biology and at least three ways that human’s understanding of biology has benefited your life Explain how scientific investigations involves developing hypotheses/theories that generate testable predictions. Expl ...
... Essential Question B. What is the science of biology, and how does science work? Define biology and at least three ways that human’s understanding of biology has benefited your life Explain how scientific investigations involves developing hypotheses/theories that generate testable predictions. Expl ...
A722: Seminar in Biological Anthropology – 7 September 2016 pg. 1
... clarify that evolution was not a blueprint for progress. In ‘the Evolutionary Theories of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer,’ Freeman debates Marvin Harris’ representations of evolution and culture in The Rise of Anthropological Theory ...
... clarify that evolution was not a blueprint for progress. In ‘the Evolutionary Theories of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer,’ Freeman debates Marvin Harris’ representations of evolution and culture in The Rise of Anthropological Theory ...
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Darwin and Evolutionary Thought
... public evolutionary stance, one has trouble seeing if his big complaint with the Darwinians is that they are wrong or that they have stolen ideas that he (Owen) had all along. Along with the fossils, Darwin was certainly set on the path to evolution by the distributions of the organisms – birds and ...
... public evolutionary stance, one has trouble seeing if his big complaint with the Darwinians is that they are wrong or that they have stolen ideas that he (Owen) had all along. Along with the fossils, Darwin was certainly set on the path to evolution by the distributions of the organisms – birds and ...
Species, Concepts of
... Phylogenetic Pertaining to the true (i.e., evolutionary) pattern of relationship, usually expressed in the form of a binary branching tree, or phylogeny. If hybridization produces new lineages, as is common in many plants and some animals, the phylogeny is said to be reticulate. Phylogenies may be e ...
... Phylogenetic Pertaining to the true (i.e., evolutionary) pattern of relationship, usually expressed in the form of a binary branching tree, or phylogeny. If hybridization produces new lineages, as is common in many plants and some animals, the phylogeny is said to be reticulate. Phylogenies may be e ...
the case of evolution
... a thorough review of the scientific explanations for evolution by natural selection was completed so that ideas in the curriculum materials not in line with scientific thinking could be recognised more easily. Futuyma (2009) provides a list of 16 points that summarise essential components of current ...
... a thorough review of the scientific explanations for evolution by natural selection was completed so that ideas in the curriculum materials not in line with scientific thinking could be recognised more easily. Futuyma (2009) provides a list of 16 points that summarise essential components of current ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.