Parallel trait adaptation across opposing thermal environments in
... 1. Prior to the phenotypic assays, all populations were subjected to two generations in a CGE that consequently standardized both the environmental and trans-generational effects. Populations in the CGE were maintained under the standard culture conditions used in the experimental environments with ...
... 1. Prior to the phenotypic assays, all populations were subjected to two generations in a CGE that consequently standardized both the environmental and trans-generational effects. Populations in the CGE were maintained under the standard culture conditions used in the experimental environments with ...
The effect of mitochondrial DNA on behaviours and life history traits in
... lines where later tested for differences in behaviours and life history traits. The results were later analyzed in order to see the significance of the mitochondrial genome by itself and in interaction with the nuclear genome. To set up these lines, outbreed stocks of three C. maculatus populations ...
... lines where later tested for differences in behaviours and life history traits. The results were later analyzed in order to see the significance of the mitochondrial genome by itself and in interaction with the nuclear genome. To set up these lines, outbreed stocks of three C. maculatus populations ...
Ernst Mayr (1904–2005) and the new philosophy of biology
... does not suggest a breakdown of causality resulting, for example, from the sub-atomic indeterminism claimed by influential representatives of quantum physics. On the contrary: It is fully compatible with a deterministic interpretation. The word ‘chance’ is used in evolutionary biology to designate t ...
... does not suggest a breakdown of causality resulting, for example, from the sub-atomic indeterminism claimed by influential representatives of quantum physics. On the contrary: It is fully compatible with a deterministic interpretation. The word ‘chance’ is used in evolutionary biology to designate t ...
Of Mice and Metaphysics: Natural Selection and
... to, the individual-level causal processes occurring in a biological population. This allows me to endorse the first role of exclusionary reasoning while rejecting the second. Thus, I preserve the grain of truth in the statistical interpretation while rejecting radical, anticausal claims that are an ...
... to, the individual-level causal processes occurring in a biological population. This allows me to endorse the first role of exclusionary reasoning while rejecting the second. Thus, I preserve the grain of truth in the statistical interpretation while rejecting radical, anticausal claims that are an ...
Sample marking key - SCSA - School Curriculum and Standards
... • In any population due to mutations and or sexual reproduction there is genetic variation. • Variation has been introduced by the introduction of a herbicide resistant gene. Overpopulation • In most populations the number of individuals exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them. • Not ...
... • In any population due to mutations and or sexual reproduction there is genetic variation. • Variation has been introduced by the introduction of a herbicide resistant gene. Overpopulation • In most populations the number of individuals exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them. • Not ...
Perspectives - Indiana University Bloomington
... maximization, with a shorter time to extinction, and riskaverse strategies that maximize G, with a longer time to extinction, coexisting in the same population. If a single genotype can produce a distribution of offspring phenotypes, then there will be a unique such distribution that resists invasio ...
... maximization, with a shorter time to extinction, and riskaverse strategies that maximize G, with a longer time to extinction, coexisting in the same population. If a single genotype can produce a distribution of offspring phenotypes, then there will be a unique such distribution that resists invasio ...
Is the Y chromosome disappearing?—Both sides
... There are ~1,000 genes on the 180-Mb X chromosome (Ross et al. 2005), but only 78 genes on the 23 Mb Y (Skaletsky et al. 2003). The degeneration on the Y is a consequence of its lack of a meiotic recombination partner over most of its length. The suppression of recombination between the X and Y was ...
... There are ~1,000 genes on the 180-Mb X chromosome (Ross et al. 2005), but only 78 genes on the 23 Mb Y (Skaletsky et al. 2003). The degeneration on the Y is a consequence of its lack of a meiotic recombination partner over most of its length. The suppression of recombination between the X and Y was ...
ageing Powerpoint
... • 1941 Haldane: why has natural selection not acted to remove the Huntington's mutation from populations? • Average age of onset of Huntington's 35.5 years. • For much of the evolutionary history of mankind, most people did not live to be that old. • The selective pressure to remove the Huntington's ...
... • 1941 Haldane: why has natural selection not acted to remove the Huntington's mutation from populations? • Average age of onset of Huntington's 35.5 years. • For much of the evolutionary history of mankind, most people did not live to be that old. • The selective pressure to remove the Huntington's ...
Patterns and Power of Phenotypic Selection in Nature
... JOEL G. KINGSOLVER AND DAVID W. PFENNIG ...
... JOEL G. KINGSOLVER AND DAVID W. PFENNIG ...
Darwinian Theological Insights: Toward an Intellectually Fulfilled
... produces the numberless slight differences between the individuals of each species.”45 Indeed, evolution features two pivotal concepts: (1) the production of biological variability, and (2) the natural selection of the fittest variants. Yet Darwin had no idea about the mechanisms behind the former, ...
... produces the numberless slight differences between the individuals of each species.”45 Indeed, evolution features two pivotal concepts: (1) the production of biological variability, and (2) the natural selection of the fittest variants. Yet Darwin had no idea about the mechanisms behind the former, ...
Human Locomotion and Heat Loss: An Evolutionary Perspective
... Evolution of Human Locomotion and Heat Loss ...
... Evolution of Human Locomotion and Heat Loss ...
Creative Ecosystems
... generating unprecedented novelty, i.e. it is creative. It has been able to create things like prokaryotes, eukaryotes, higher multicellularity and language through a nonteleological process of replication and selection. We would like to adapt, on a metaphoric level, the mechanisms of biological evol ...
... generating unprecedented novelty, i.e. it is creative. It has been able to create things like prokaryotes, eukaryotes, higher multicellularity and language through a nonteleological process of replication and selection. We would like to adapt, on a metaphoric level, the mechanisms of biological evol ...
FairchildN0812 - ScholarWorks
... difficult to change regardless of the evidence presented. One of the key elements they unveiled is a correlation between students’ understanding of the tentative nature of science and acceptance of evolution (Cavallo & McCall, 2008). A curriculum based on utilizing the NOS to create an academic envi ...
... difficult to change regardless of the evidence presented. One of the key elements they unveiled is a correlation between students’ understanding of the tentative nature of science and acceptance of evolution (Cavallo & McCall, 2008). A curriculum based on utilizing the NOS to create an academic envi ...
variations in variation and selection: the ubiquity
... VARIATION AND SELECTION EXPLAINS SATISFACTION ...
... VARIATION AND SELECTION EXPLAINS SATISFACTION ...
"Adaptive Evolution of Primate Sperm Proteins".
... benefit to that sex, but there are several traits for which the optima differ between males and females. One example is a conflict over the rate of fertilization. As sperm competition increases the rate of fertilization, the risk of more than one sperm fertilizing the egg (polyspermy), which stops deve ...
... benefit to that sex, but there are several traits for which the optima differ between males and females. One example is a conflict over the rate of fertilization. As sperm competition increases the rate of fertilization, the risk of more than one sperm fertilizing the egg (polyspermy), which stops deve ...
Cnidaria: Introduction
... Land, pers. comm. 2005) indicates a number closer to 13,000. Thus, the 792 Gulf of Mexico cnidarians repre315 ...
... Land, pers. comm. 2005) indicates a number closer to 13,000. Thus, the 792 Gulf of Mexico cnidarians repre315 ...
Altitudinal patterns for longevity, fecundity and senescence in
... An approach that can complement work with experimental evolution populations is to use laboratory stocks recently derived from the wild to test for clinal trends of variation in both longevity and early fecundity of Drosophila at controlled temperature. This approach can be used under experimental c ...
... An approach that can complement work with experimental evolution populations is to use laboratory stocks recently derived from the wild to test for clinal trends of variation in both longevity and early fecundity of Drosophila at controlled temperature. This approach can be used under experimental c ...
EXERCISE 17 Phylum Chordata: A Deuterostome Group
... What is the function of the notochord? How does its structure give it its stiffness? What is a nephridia? What system does it belong it? ...
... What is the function of the notochord? How does its structure give it its stiffness? What is a nephridia? What system does it belong it? ...
- Wiley Online Library
... play a key role in the maintenance of genetic variation in growth rate among individuals, the sexes and populations. They can be identified by the usual methods for detecting trade-offs (Reznick 1992; Zera & Harshman 2001; Roff 2002), including (1) the measurement of phenotypic correlations between ...
... play a key role in the maintenance of genetic variation in growth rate among individuals, the sexes and populations. They can be identified by the usual methods for detecting trade-offs (Reznick 1992; Zera & Harshman 2001; Roff 2002), including (1) the measurement of phenotypic correlations between ...
1 Of Mice and Metaphysics: Natural Selection and Realized
... Ariew 2002, 81). Stochastic properties belong to statistical populations and are not causally efficacious. For example, it is perfectly mathematically or formally legitimate to calculate stochastic/metrical properties of the statistical population of all the moths alive in 1945 or 1951 in Australia ...
... Ariew 2002, 81). Stochastic properties belong to statistical populations and are not causally efficacious. For example, it is perfectly mathematically or formally legitimate to calculate stochastic/metrical properties of the statistical population of all the moths alive in 1945 or 1951 in Australia ...
FREE Sample Here
... http://testbankeasy.eu/Test-bank-for-Genetic-Analysis-An-Integrated-Approach-1 st-Edition---Mark-F.-Sanders are added only to which end of the nascent strand? Answer: the 3′ hydroxyl end Section: 1.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) In retroviruses, DNA is synthesized from an RNA template using wh ...
... http://testbankeasy.eu/Test-bank-for-Genetic-Analysis-An-Integrated-Approach-1 st-Edition---Mark-F.-Sanders are added only to which end of the nascent strand? Answer: the 3′ hydroxyl end Section: 1.3 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 11) In retroviruses, DNA is synthesized from an RNA template using wh ...
Demographic and evolutionary impacts of native and invasive insect
... production, but this comes at a cost because the longer an individual waits to flower, the greater the chance of dying before reproducing (de Jong et al. 1987). The evolutionarily stable (ES) flowering size is determined by balancing these costs and benefits. Herbivores that change this balance can ...
... production, but this comes at a cost because the longer an individual waits to flower, the greater the chance of dying before reproducing (de Jong et al. 1987). The evolutionarily stable (ES) flowering size is determined by balancing these costs and benefits. Herbivores that change this balance can ...
Mrs. Whitecar CMS 7 th grade Ch 12 TEST: Adaptations over time
... when an organism blends into its environment an antiobiotic made from fungus that is an example of punctuated equilibrium. study of the development of the embryos of organisms evolution as a slow change of one species to another Origin of the Species body parts that are reduced in size with no appar ...
... when an organism blends into its environment an antiobiotic made from fungus that is an example of punctuated equilibrium. study of the development of the embryos of organisms evolution as a slow change of one species to another Origin of the Species body parts that are reduced in size with no appar ...
KCSE ONLINE REVISION BIOLOGY FORM 4 NOTES This
... organism with certain characteristics are favored by their environment such organisms tend to survive and produce viable offspring others not favored are eliminated from subsequent generations as the environmental conditions change the survival value of a character may alter with time so that charac ...
... organism with certain characteristics are favored by their environment such organisms tend to survive and produce viable offspring others not favored are eliminated from subsequent generations as the environmental conditions change the survival value of a character may alter with time so that charac ...
Evidence
... causal explanation) is meant a set of statements one of which describes the state of affairs to be explained (the explicandum) while the others, the explanatory statements, form the ‘explanation’ in the narrower sense of the word (the explicans of the explicandum). We may take it, as a rule, that t ...
... causal explanation) is meant a set of statements one of which describes the state of affairs to be explained (the explicandum) while the others, the explanatory statements, form the ‘explanation’ in the narrower sense of the word (the explicans of the explicandum). We may take it, as a rule, that t ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.