Evolution, Culture, and the Human Mind
... for human culture to exist. Chiu, Kim, and Chaturvedi summarize the continuing relevance of Donald Campbell’s seminal contributions to the simultaneous study of evolution, culture, and cultural evolution. Dutton and Heath address the topic of cultural evolution. They show how selection, transmission ...
... for human culture to exist. Chiu, Kim, and Chaturvedi summarize the continuing relevance of Donald Campbell’s seminal contributions to the simultaneous study of evolution, culture, and cultural evolution. Dutton and Heath address the topic of cultural evolution. They show how selection, transmission ...
How is Biological Explanation Possible?
... manifest the same relationship. Since the importance of frequency-dependent selection became apparent, it has been recognized that an interbreeding population can be an environmental force in¯uencing its own evolutionary course. At least since the work of Waters,3 philosophers have recognized that a ...
... manifest the same relationship. Since the importance of frequency-dependent selection became apparent, it has been recognized that an interbreeding population can be an environmental force in¯uencing its own evolutionary course. At least since the work of Waters,3 philosophers have recognized that a ...
PopGen4: Assortative mating
... Note that when α > 1, the frequencies will no longer sum to 1. To get the population frequencies you need to standardize by the sum P1’ + P2’ + P31. We can look at the effect on heterozygosity under this system of mating (plot A below). Remember that we have assumed a very simplistic scenario as het ...
... Note that when α > 1, the frequencies will no longer sum to 1. To get the population frequencies you need to standardize by the sum P1’ + P2’ + P31. We can look at the effect on heterozygosity under this system of mating (plot A below). Remember that we have assumed a very simplistic scenario as het ...
Africa
... In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on natural selection as the mechanism of descent with modification but did not introduce his theory publicly Natural selection is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce In June 1858, Darwin receive ...
... In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on natural selection as the mechanism of descent with modification but did not introduce his theory publicly Natural selection is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce In June 1858, Darwin receive ...
Evolutionary dynamics of the genomic region around the
... Race specific resistance gene Pi-ta has been effectively used to control blast disease, one of the ...
... Race specific resistance gene Pi-ta has been effectively used to control blast disease, one of the ...
The Heritability of External Morphology in Darwin`s Ground Finches
... titative genetic basis and a known selection ...
... titative genetic basis and a known selection ...
A hands-on activity to introduce the effects of transmission by an
... transmission were established, the movement of EAB from state to state via human behavior was higher. This is represented by two numbers on the dice (as shown in Table 4). However, as preventive measures are established (i.e., pesticides), one number on the dice might be switched from a “transmissio ...
... transmission were established, the movement of EAB from state to state via human behavior was higher. This is represented by two numbers on the dice (as shown in Table 4). However, as preventive measures are established (i.e., pesticides), one number on the dice might be switched from a “transmissio ...
2011 - Anthony Herrel
... increasing the potential for different populations to proceed on independent evolutionary trajectories. One example might be the increased divergence between Timema walking-stick host races following a human-caused isolation of two host plant types (Nosil 2009). Or humans can provide new environment ...
... increasing the potential for different populations to proceed on independent evolutionary trajectories. One example might be the increased divergence between Timema walking-stick host races following a human-caused isolation of two host plant types (Nosil 2009). Or humans can provide new environment ...
Are Random Drift and Natural Selection - Philsci
... because there has been some controversy as to which processes should be considered random drift (Beatty 1992). Indeed, different authors will describe different subsets of this list as constituting the different kinds of random drift processes. For reasons of space, I will discuss only two of these ...
... because there has been some controversy as to which processes should be considered random drift (Beatty 1992). Indeed, different authors will describe different subsets of this list as constituting the different kinds of random drift processes. For reasons of space, I will discuss only two of these ...
Classifying living things helps us understand the diversity of life.
... be topic, author, or size. Sorting things into groups makes it easier to keep track of them. Organizing things according to their similarities and differences is called classification. You used a classification system to sort living and non-living things in Chapter 1. You found that living things sh ...
... be topic, author, or size. Sorting things into groups makes it easier to keep track of them. Organizing things according to their similarities and differences is called classification. You used a classification system to sort living and non-living things in Chapter 1. You found that living things sh ...
File
... includes all the sub-groups that are not exclusively parasitic. There are about 4,500 species, which range from 1 mm long to large freshwater forms more than 500 mm (20 in) long.. Platyhelminthes are bilaterally symmetrical animals, in other words their left and right sides are mirror images of each ...
... includes all the sub-groups that are not exclusively parasitic. There are about 4,500 species, which range from 1 mm long to large freshwater forms more than 500 mm (20 in) long.. Platyhelminthes are bilaterally symmetrical animals, in other words their left and right sides are mirror images of each ...
Abstract The platypus is one of Earth`s most perplexing
... a completely different lineage gives concrete proof of evolution. For instance, platypus shoulders are similar to those of reptiles, and though they are not well adapted to running, they allow platypuses to have the large shoulder muscles required for swimming (Choi 2009a). The reptilian skeleton ma ...
... a completely different lineage gives concrete proof of evolution. For instance, platypus shoulders are similar to those of reptiles, and though they are not well adapted to running, they allow platypuses to have the large shoulder muscles required for swimming (Choi 2009a). The reptilian skeleton ma ...
logical and persuasive structures in
... this. Think of the Glacial period, during the whole of which the same species at least of shells have existed; there must have been during this period millions on millions of generations. 3. AI think it can be shown that there is such an unerring power at work in Natural Selection (the title of my b ...
... this. Think of the Glacial period, during the whole of which the same species at least of shells have existed; there must have been during this period millions on millions of generations. 3. AI think it can be shown that there is such an unerring power at work in Natural Selection (the title of my b ...
The Romantic Conception of Robert J. Richards
... developing line of organisms, whether this latter be interpreted in terms of physical continuity or not. The picture we are dealing with is deeply anti-reductionistic. The whole idea of life as a mechanism or as a machine is alien to this way of thinking. To believe that you can capture the nature o ...
... developing line of organisms, whether this latter be interpreted in terms of physical continuity or not. The picture we are dealing with is deeply anti-reductionistic. The whole idea of life as a mechanism or as a machine is alien to this way of thinking. To believe that you can capture the nature o ...
Perspectives
... disregarded by most of the leading early 20th century evolutionary biologists, with the notable exception of Fisher (1930). There is, for example, only a single reference to it in Ernst Mayr’s Animal Species and Evolution (Mayr 1963). In 1958, John wrote a perceptive article in a Darwin centennial v ...
... disregarded by most of the leading early 20th century evolutionary biologists, with the notable exception of Fisher (1930). There is, for example, only a single reference to it in Ernst Mayr’s Animal Species and Evolution (Mayr 1963). In 1958, John wrote a perceptive article in a Darwin centennial v ...
Biology Standards Clarification
... expected to know and be able to do by the end of high school and outline the parameters for receiving high school credit as recently mandated by the Merit Curriculum legislation in the state of Michigan. The Science Content Expectations Documents and the Michigan Merit Curriculum Document have raise ...
... expected to know and be able to do by the end of high school and outline the parameters for receiving high school credit as recently mandated by the Merit Curriculum legislation in the state of Michigan. The Science Content Expectations Documents and the Michigan Merit Curriculum Document have raise ...
ch06 - earthjay science
... Darwin's theory was unable to explain WHY offspring exhibited variability. This was to come many years later, when scientists determined that genetics is the cause of these variations. This principle can be stated as: " the survival of the fittest." ...
... Darwin's theory was unable to explain WHY offspring exhibited variability. This was to come many years later, when scientists determined that genetics is the cause of these variations. This principle can be stated as: " the survival of the fittest." ...
Genome size and intron size in Drosophila
... that unconstrained regions of the non-long terminal repeat retrotransposable element Helena lose DNA at an unusually high rate in species of the Drosophila virilis species group. More recent data also indicate a high rate of DNA loss of Helena in species of the Drosophila melanogaster species subgro ...
... that unconstrained regions of the non-long terminal repeat retrotransposable element Helena lose DNA at an unusually high rate in species of the Drosophila virilis species group. More recent data also indicate a high rate of DNA loss of Helena in species of the Drosophila melanogaster species subgro ...
BIOLOGY SPRING FINALEXAMOBJECTIVES11
... 11. Describe the functions of arteries, veins and capillaries. 12. Describe how blood flows through the heart. 13. Label the parts of the heart. 14. Explain the role of hemoglobin. 15. Define pulmonary and systemic circulation. 16. Identify and describe the parts of the respiratory tract. 17. Explai ...
... 11. Describe the functions of arteries, veins and capillaries. 12. Describe how blood flows through the heart. 13. Label the parts of the heart. 14. Explain the role of hemoglobin. 15. Define pulmonary and systemic circulation. 16. Identify and describe the parts of the respiratory tract. 17. Explai ...
phenotypic plasticity for fitness components in polygonum species of
... Abstract. The ecological distribution of species is influenced by individual patterns of response to environment for traits that contribute to fitness. Comparative data on fitness responses to complex environments are particularly valuable for understanding the relation of plasticity to ecological b ...
... Abstract. The ecological distribution of species is influenced by individual patterns of response to environment for traits that contribute to fitness. Comparative data on fitness responses to complex environments are particularly valuable for understanding the relation of plasticity to ecological b ...
this PDF file - Reports of the National Center for Science
... Lamarckian perspective should be taken into account in biology in order to produce a new evolutionary synthesis that would describe and explain the biological world better than the classical theory of evolution (that is, the Modern Synthesis). As conveyed by the title, Lamarckism includes very diffe ...
... Lamarckian perspective should be taken into account in biology in order to produce a new evolutionary synthesis that would describe and explain the biological world better than the classical theory of evolution (that is, the Modern Synthesis). As conveyed by the title, Lamarckism includes very diffe ...
Darwin`s Metaphors Revisited: Conceptual Metaphors, Conceptual
... species exhibit clear variations in their morphological organization, physiological functioning, and behavioral patterns, some of which are advantageous while others are disadvantageous, not all the individuals survive the condition of struggle for life. Only the fittest survive the struggle for exi ...
... species exhibit clear variations in their morphological organization, physiological functioning, and behavioral patterns, some of which are advantageous while others are disadvantageous, not all the individuals survive the condition of struggle for life. Only the fittest survive the struggle for exi ...
Evolution of reproductive isolation in plants
... pollinators. Because both species are highly selfing, however, hybridization in nature is very rare, which aids the maintenance of species boundaries (Lowe and Abbott, 2004). All these studies suggest that prezygotic barriers, whether they are brought about by different pollinators, changes in matin ...
... pollinators. Because both species are highly selfing, however, hybridization in nature is very rare, which aids the maintenance of species boundaries (Lowe and Abbott, 2004). All these studies suggest that prezygotic barriers, whether they are brought about by different pollinators, changes in matin ...
Levels, Time and Fitness in Evolutionary
... article is to argue against Michod’s and Okasha’s view of ETIs and more precisely against two specific claims defended by both authors. After having briefly reviewed Michod and colleagues’ as well as Okasha’s models of ETIs with respect to fitness, I will present these two claims: (1) during the las ...
... article is to argue against Michod’s and Okasha’s view of ETIs and more precisely against two specific claims defended by both authors. After having briefly reviewed Michod and colleagues’ as well as Okasha’s models of ETIs with respect to fitness, I will present these two claims: (1) during the las ...
Levels, Time and Fitness in Evolutionary Transitions in Individuality
... article is to argue against Michod’s and Okasha’s view of ETIs and more precisely against two specific claims defended by both authors. After having briefly reviewed Michod and colleagues’ as well as Okasha’s models of ETIs with respect to fitness, I will present these two claims: (1) during the las ...
... article is to argue against Michod’s and Okasha’s view of ETIs and more precisely against two specific claims defended by both authors. After having briefly reviewed Michod and colleagues’ as well as Okasha’s models of ETIs with respect to fitness, I will present these two claims: (1) during the las ...
Introduction to evolution
Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms' observable traits. Genetic changes include mutations, which are caused by damage or replication errors in an organism's DNA. As the genetic variation of a population drifts randomly over generations, natural selection gradually leads traits to become more or less common based on the relative reproductive success of organisms with those traits.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Evolution does not attempt to explain the origin of life (covered instead by abiogenesis), but it does explain how the extremely simple early lifeforms evolved into the complex ecosystem that we see today. Based on the similarities between all present-day organisms, all life on Earth originated through common descent from a last universal ancestor from which all known species have diverged through the process of evolution. All individuals have hereditary material in the form of genes that are received from their parents, then passed on to any offspring. Among offspring there are variations of genes due to the introduction of new genes via random changes called mutations or via reshuffling of existing genes during sexual reproduction. The offspring differs from the parent in minor random ways. If those differences are helpful, the offspring is more likely to survive and reproduce. This means that more offspring in the next generation will have that helpful difference and individuals will not have equal chances of reproductive success. In this way, traits that result in organisms being better adapted to their living conditions become more common in descendant populations. These differences accumulate resulting in changes within the population. This process is responsible for the many diverse life forms in the world.The forces of evolution are most evident when populations become isolated, either through geographic distance or by other mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange. Over time, isolated populations can branch off into new species.The majority of genetic mutations neither assist, change the appearance of, nor bring harm to individuals. Through the process of genetic drift, these mutated genes are neutrally sorted among populations and survive across generations by chance alone. In contrast to genetic drift, natural selection is not a random process because it acts on traits that are necessary for survival and reproduction. Natural selection and random genetic drift are constant and dynamic parts of life and over time this has shaped the branching structure in the tree of life.The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. In addition, Gregor Mendel's work with plants helped to explain the hereditary patterns of genetics. Fossil discoveries in paleontology, advances in population genetics and a global network of scientific research have provided further details into the mechanisms of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species (speciation) and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal scientific theory that biologists use to understand life and is used in many disciplines, including medicine, psychology, conservation biology, anthropology, forensics, agriculture and other social-cultural applications.