Download Unit B Ecosystems, Populations - Penhold Crossing Secondary School

Unit B Ecosystems, Populations
True/False
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Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If True, mark ‘A’ on the scantron; if False, mark ‘B’ on the scantron
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1. An organism’s role in its environment, including where it lives and how it interacts with other species is
known as its habitat.
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2. Ecotones are the regions where two adjacent ecosystems overlap.
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3. Ecotones are regions that have low biodiversity and thus may provide stability for organisms that are
vulnerable within a particular ecosystem.
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4. Artificial ecosystems have greater biodiversity than natural systems.
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5. Soil litter is an important abiotic characteristic of an ecosystem that determines what types of vegetation can
grow.
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6. Exotic species are those species introduced into an ecosystem that may successfully out compete the natives
species for a niche.
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7. The region of the lake along the shore where you can find rooted plants growing is called the limnetic zone.
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8. Microorganisms, both autotrophic and heterotrophic, that live suspended in the limnetic zone are called
plankton.
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9. The basic structure of the hemoglobin molecule is the same in humans, penguins, and salmon. This is
considered to be an example of a(n) analogous feature.
____ 10. Cytochrome C is an enzyme that consists of 104 to 112 amino acids. The amino acids in positions 70 to 80 are
the same in every known organism. This is considered to be an example of a homologous feature.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. The greatest BOD (biological oxygen demand) will occur in a water sample when there is
A. a high concentration of organic pollution and a low temperature
B. a high concentration of organic pollution and a high temperature
C. a low concentration of organic pollution and a low temperature
D. a low concentration of organic pollution and a high temperature
2. Organic pollutants such as algal blooms use the most oxygen when they
A. decompose
B. first die
C. carry on respiration
D. carry on photosynthesis
3. The most fragile biome in Canada is the
A. tundra
B. taiga/boreal forest
C. grassland
D. temperature deciduous forest
4. An organism that is characteristic of the water quality of a particular ecosystem is called a(n) __________
species.
A. marker
____
5.
____
6.
____
7.
____
8.
____
9.
____ 10.
____ 11.
____ 12.
____ 13.
B. counter
C. indicator
D. characteristic
Which biome is characterized primarily by small coniferous trees?
A. tundra
B. taiga/boreal forest
C. grassland
D. temperate deciduous forest
Which biome would have the least biodiversity?
A. tundra
B. taiga/boreal forest
C. grassland
D. temperate deciduous forest
Since temperature range and length of growing season are similar in grassland and deciduous forest biomes,
which of the following major factors most likely determines the type of plant communities that will grow in a
specific area?
A. soil type
B. amount of sunlight
C. amount of available moisture
D. the types of animals inhabiting the area
Which of the following is not considered a Kingdom in the six-kingdom system?
A. Archaebacteria
B. Viruses
C. Fungi
D. Plantae
Which of the following scientists was associated with forming the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?
A. Thomas Malthus
B. Charles Lyell
C. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
D. Charles Darwin
Adaptations are
A. the result of natural selection
B. the change in the characteristics that are most common in the population
C. caused by a series of random mutations in the population
D. influenced by the environment in which the organism lives
The most desirable adaptations are
A. structural adaptations
B. behavioral adaptations
C. physiological adaptations
D. those that give an organism a survival advantage
The biochemical evidence for evolution is based on the concept that
A. all organisms share identical DNA molecules and similar proteins
B. the more similar the DNA of two species is, the more distantly they are related
C. comparisons of the DNA and proteins of different species indicate the degree to which
those species are related
D. identical DNA molecules shared by present and extinct organisms suggest that they are
descended from a common ancestor
The major weakness in Lamarck's explanation of evolution is the fact that
A. he knew nothing of genetic theory
B. mutations were not part of his explanation
C. acquired characteristics cannot be passed on
D. organisms cannot develop certain structures through use
Scenario 5.1
Observation 1: Two colourless micro-organisms placed in the solution give rise, by sexual reproduction,
to 100 000 micro-organisms in 7 days. A pair of these descendants also give rise to 100 000 microorganisms in 7 days if placed in a fresh solution.
Observation 2: The individuals in the population differ slightly in size, colour, and shape.
Observation 3: After several weeks in one solution, the proportion of green individuals in the population
increases.
____ 14. Use Scenario 5.1 answer the following question.
The most likely explanation for Observation 2 is that
A. some traits are environmentally controlled
B. genetic variability is common in most populations
C. the rate of mutation is greater in large populations
D. the population consists of three or more different species
____ 15. Use Scenario 5.1 answer the following question.
The most likely explanation for Observation 3 is that
A. some traits are environmentally controlled
B. the green individuals had a survival advantage
C. the rate of mutation is greater in large populations
D. the experiment did not work the way it was supposed to
____ 16. Charles Darwin was unable to explain the source of the variations he claimed were necessary for evolution.
This was because
A. such variations did not exist.
B. variations occur in nature and have no explanation.
C. variations result from reproduction, which he had not studied.
D. genes had not been discovered during his lifetime.
____ 17. Random changes in DNA may provide new genes in a population’s gene pool. What determines whether a
mutation is beneficial?
A. the cause of the mutation
B. the effect of the mutation
C. the amount of DNA changed
D. a survival advantage results from the mutation
____ 18. Sexually reproducing populations evolve faster than asexually reproducing populations, because
A. sexual reproduction introduces more variation.
B. sexual reproduction is faster.
C. there are no variations in an asexually-reproducing population.
D. sexual reproduction results in more offspring.
Scenario 1.2 Polar Bears
Polar bears live in the tundra region and depend upon sea ice to hunt their primary food source, seals. Polar
bears depend mostly on the seals for food but, as do other bears, they are able to scavenge food sources and
thus are drawn to dumps and other potential points of conflict with humans.
The melting of sea ice and the increasing temperature of the arctic caused by climate changes that are
occurring in the arctic region make it harder for polar bears to hunt food and force them to travel longer
distances to find good hunting areas for seals. Currently the polar bear populations are not considered at risk,
but the changes to climate predicted by global warming models suggest that their populations may soon have
difficulty surviving in their traditional ranges. Drilling and mining activities in the arctic also increase the
potential points of conflict as humans move into the large ranges required by polar bears.
Adult polar bear females give birth to twins in a maternity den they dig on land. They breed in late March or
April and the female gives birth in November or December. The mother fasts during the period of time after
the birth and both she and her cubs live off her stored fat. The cubs stay with their mother for two years while
she teaches them to hunt and live in this fragile habitat.
World Wildlife Fund. 2006. Polar Bears>Ecology. http://www.worldwilife.org/polarbears/ecology.cfm
____ 19. Use Scenario 1.2 to answer the following question.
Food Chain #1
plankton-herring-seals-polar bear
According to this food chain polar bears are
A. primary consumers
B. secondary consumers
C. tertiary consumers
D. quaternary consumers
____ 20. Use Scenario 1.2 to answer the following question.
____ 21.
____ 22.
____ 23.
____ 24.
Which of the following environmental issues is most likely to directly negatively impact polar bear
populations in the next 10 years?
A. Acid rain from factory emissions
B. Global climate change
C. Habitat destruction due to increased urbanization
D. Overpopulation of humans
The term used to describe several populations interacting with each other and with the abiotic environment is
A. biome
B. population
C. ecosystem
D. species
Which of the following terms is correctly matched to its definition?
A. producer - breaks down dead or decaying organic matter
B. decomposer - captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce organic matter
C. primary consumer - eats carnivores
D. secondary consumer - eats primary consumers
Monoculture is
A. the number of species in a given ecosystem
B. the situation found most often in natural systems
C. any habitat that contains primarily one species of plant
D. any habitat that contains only one plant species or one animal species
Which of the following processes does not return carbon to the abiotic pool?
A. respiration
B. photosynthesis
C. demineralization
D. combustion
____ 25. When farmers apply fertilizers to their field, which matter cycles are they impacting?
A. phosphorus only
B. nitrogen only
C. nitrogen and phosphorus
D. neither nitrogen or phosphorus
____ 26. The most impressive direct evidence of evolution comes from the study of
A. the fossil record
B. present-day organisms
C. the geographic distribution of plant and animal species
D. homologous and analogous structures present in embryological development
Numeric Response
Data Table 1.1 Ecosystem Characteristics of the Canadian Biomes
1.
permafrost
2.
low annual rainfall
3.
acidic soils
4.
muskeg forms in spring and summer
5.
tree species have large broad leaves that block light to forest floor
6.
tree species are mostly conifers
7.
low seasonal temperatures
8.
thick litter layer
9.
thickest layer of topsoil
1. Use Data Table 1.1 to answer the following question.
Which of these characteristics are associated with the temperate deciduous forest? Not all characteristics
apply.
__________ __________ __________ __________
2. Use Data Table 1.1 to answer the following question.
Select the ecosystem characteristics that are associated with the tundra. Not all characteristics apply.
__________ __________ __________ __________
Record your selections from lowest to highest (0-9).
Scenario 2.3 Chemical Pathways
1. Carbon dioxide + water + energy
glucose + oxygen
2. Glucose + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water + energy
3. Ammonia + carbon dioxide
nitrate + carbohydrate
3. Use Scenario 2.3 to answer the following question.
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Energy flows through a food chain or food web. Match the equations above to the terms below the blank.
__________
photosynthesis
__________
chemosynthesis
__________
cellular respiration
Short Answer
1. Sketch a cross-section of a lake and label the three main zones into which a lake can be divided. Identify on
your sketch the region where the most biological productivity would occur.
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2. An examination of the fossil evidence indicates that, over time, giraffes have become taller, with longer legs
and necks.
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a) Explain this evidence using the Theory of Evolution by Acquired Characteristics.
b) Explain this evidence using the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.
3. Explain what is meant by the term gradualism. Include an example from class discussion in your explanation.
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Essay
Scenario 1.1 The Northern Leopard Frog
Leopard frogs were widespread in Alberta until the mid-1960s when they began to disappear. By 1990 the
frogs were known to exist in only 32 sites in Alberta. There were fewer than 10 adults at most sites with one
site having 20 adults. Most of the populations were found in natural areas such as the mixed grassland Natural
Area and Cypress Hills in southeastern Alberta.
Adult leopard frogs live in the grasslands and feed on insects. Adults return to water to reproduce where
Northern leopard frogs lay up to 3000 eggs in a mass from which tadpoles hatch and develop in the water.
Tadpoles consume algae as they develop.
The local disappearance of leopard frogs from much of their historical range in Alberta, is similar to the
disappearance of amphibians world-wide. Scientists are investigating a number of reasons that may be linked
to this disappearance. The disappearance may be associated with:
1. Drought
2. Frost
3. Disease
4. Acid rain
5. Habitat loss
6. Global warming
7. Increases in ultra-violet radiation (UV radiation)
8. General pollution/contamination of air, soil and water.
1. Use Scenario 1.1 to answer the following questions.
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(a) Based on the context choose a possible cause of the disappearance of leopard frogs in Alberta and
hypothesize what links this factor to the disappearance of frogs.
(b) Describe a basic experiment that would test this hypothesis.
(c) Identify the manipulated, responding and one controlled variable in your experimental design.
(d) Describe the evidence you would expect if your hypothesis was supported.
Unit B Ecosystems, Populations
Answer Section
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
1. ANS: F, niche
PTS:
2. ANS:
OBJ:
3. ANS:
1
T
4.1
F, high
REF: K
OBJ: 4.1
PTS: 1
LOC: 20-B1.2k
REF: K
LOC: 20-B1.2k
PTS: 1
4. ANS: F, lower
REF: K
OBJ: 4.1
LOC: 20-B1.2k
PTS: 1
5. ANS: F, biotic
REF: K | STS
OBJ: 4.2
LOC: 20-B1.3k | 20-B1.1sts
PTS:
6. ANS:
OBJ:
7. ANS:
1
REF: S
OBJ: 4.1
T
PTS: 1
4.1
LOC: 20-B1.4k | 20-B1.3s
F, littoral zone
LOC: 20-B1.1s
REF: K | S
PTS:
8. ANS:
OBJ:
9. ANS:
1
REF: K
T
4.2
LOC: 20-B1.3k
F, homologous feature
OBJ: 4.2
PTS: 1
LOC: 20-B1.3k
REF: K
OBJ: 5.3
PTS: 1
LOC: 20-B2.4k
REF: K
1
REF: K | S
OBJ: 4.5
1
REF: K | S
OBJ: 4.5
1
REF: K
OBJ: 4.2
1
REF: K
OBJ: 4.5
1
REF: K
OBJ: 4.2
1
REF: K
OBJ: 4.2
1
REF: K
OBJ: 4.2
PTS: 1
10. ANS: T
OBJ: 5.3
REF: K
LOC: 20-B2.4k
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS:
LOC:
2. ANS:
LOC:
3. ANS:
LOC:
4. ANS:
LOC:
5. ANS:
LOC:
6. ANS:
LOC:
7. ANS:
LOC:
B
PTS:
20-B1.4k | 20-B1.3s
A
PTS:
20-B1.4k | 20-B1.3s
A
PTS:
20-B1.3k
C
PTS:
20-B1.4k
B
PTS:
20-B1.2k
A
PTS:
20-B1.2k
C
PTS:
20-B1.3k
8. ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B1.5k
9. ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B2.3k
10. ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B2.3k | 20-B2.5k
11. ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B2.3k | 20-B2.4k
12. ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B2.4k
13. ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B2.3k
14. ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: S
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B2.3s
15. ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: K | S
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B2.3s | 20-B2.5k
16. ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: K | STS
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B2.4k | 20-B2.1sts
17. ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B2.1k
18. ANS: A
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B2.2k
19. ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-A1.3k
20. ANS: B
PTS: 1
REF: STS
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B1.1sts
21. ANS: C
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B1.1k
22. ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-A1.3k
23. ANS: D
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ:
LOC: 20-B1.3k
24. ANS: B
Photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide and fixes it into organic form.
PTS:
25. ANS:
LOC:
26. ANS:
LOC:
1
C
20-A2.1k
A
20-B2.4k
5.1
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.3
5.4
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.5
4.1 | 4.5
4.5
1.1
1.1
2.2
REF: K
PTS: 1
OBJ: 3.2
REF: K
LOC: 20-A2.1k
OBJ: 3.3
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ: 5.2
REF: K
OBJ: 4.2
LOC: 20-B1.3k
NUMERIC RESPONSE
1. ANS: 5, 8
PTS: 1
2. ANS: 1, 2, 4, 7
PTS: 1
3. ANS: 1, 3, 2
REF: K
OBJ: 4.2
LOC: 20-B1.3k
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ: 2.1
LOC: 20-A1.1k
SHORT ANSWER
1. ANS:
The most biologically productive region is the littoral zone up against the shore.
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ: 4.2
LOC: 20-B1.3k | 20-B1.4k
2. ANS:
a) Giraffes needed to be taller to reach the leaves in the tallest trees. During their lifetime, they would
continually stretch to reach the top branches. This stretching strengthened their muscles and lengthened their
bones. These changes were passed to each succeeding generation.
b) Sexual reproduction caused variation in genes passed to each offspring. At times, some of these genes
mutated. These processes caused some giraffes to be born taller (and also shorter) than average. These taller
giraffes were able to reach the tallest branches and they therefore had the most food. This allowed these
giraffes to have more energy to reproduce and had more offspring, which inherited their genes. Over time,
this meant that the population contained more giraffes that were taller.
PTS: 1
REF: K
OBJ: 5.4
LOC: 20-B2.3k
3. ANS:
The theory that evolutionary change is slow and constant (e.g., the evolution of the horse is considered to
have numerous transitional species).
Any example discussed in class would be acceptable.
PTS: 1
ESSAY
REF: K
OBJ: 5.6
LOC: 20-B2.6k
1. ANS:
(a) Any of the variables are legitimate although habitat loss is the easiest one. The hypothesis must be:
specific, clear, testable, link prediction to some theoretical rationale; e.g., The decrease in natural grasslands
throughout Alberta has led to the disappearance of Leopard Frogs. Leopard Frogs require grasslands for the
adult frogs to mature and grow.
(b) Any experiment that legitimately tests the hypothesis; e.g., Compare the habitats where frogs remain to
habitats where frogs were found in the past. Introduce frogs into habitats that still have natural grasslands
adjacent to the water bodies and into areas with artificial or human-altered grasslands.
(c) Any correct identification of a manipulated, responding and controlled variable that matches their design
and hypothesis.
Examples:
Manipulated: type of grassland (natural or human-altered)
Responding: frog population thrives or not (count population size)
Controlled variables: number of eggs introduced/water conditions/etc
(d) Response correctly predicts the responding variable observations that would support the hypothesis;
e.g.,The frog populations in the natural grassland areas would grow and the frog populations in the humanaltered areas would not.
PTS: 1
REF: S
OBJ: 4.2 | 4.5
LOC: 20-A1.3s | 20-B1.2s