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Genetics review Date: Name: 1. When the bacterium Serratia marcescens is grown on a sterile culture medium in a petri dish at 30 C, the bacterial colonies are cream colored. When this same bacterium is cultured under identical conditions, except at a temperature of 25 C, the colonies are brick red. This di erence in color is most likely due to the A. type of nutrients in the culture medium B. sterilization of the culture medium C. e ect of temperature on the expression of the gene for color 3. Inherited Gene Environmental Condition Final Appearance B Light White A Dark White A B Light Dark Green White Which statement best explains the nal appearance of these tomato plants? D. e ect of colony size on the synthesis of color pigments 2. The chart below shows relationships between genes, the environment, and coloration of tomato plants. The accompanying data table summarizes the results of an investigation in which seeds from the same plant were grown under di erent conditions of temperature and relative humidity. A. The expression of gene A is not a ected by light. B. The expression of gene B varies with the presence of light. C. The expression of gene A varies with the environment. D. Gene B is expressed only in darkness. Which conclusion can be drawn from the information in the data table? A. Color in this species is determined by genes, only. B. Many characteristics are not inherited. C. Mutations occur only when plants are grown at low temperatures. D. There is an interaction between environment and heredity. page 1 4. The puppies shown in the photograph below are all from the same litter. 6. To determine the identity of their biological parents, adopted children sometimes request DNA tests. These tests involve comparing DNA samples from the child to DNA samples taken from the likely parents. Possible relationships may be determined from these tests because the A. base sequence of the father determines the base sequence of the o spring B. DNA of parents and their o spring is more similar than the DNA of nonfamily members C. position of the genes on each chromosome is unique to each family D. mutation rate is the same in closely related individuals 7. The di erences seen within this group of puppies are most likely due to A. overproduction and selective breeding B. mutations and elimination of genes C. evolution and asexual reproduction A. 8. As male children get older, some begin to closely resemble their fathers and have no resemblance to their mothers. Which statement best explains this observation? A. Several sperm fertilized the egg, so the fertilized egg contained more genes from their father. B. More genes are inherited from the sperm cell of their father than from the egg cell of their mother, so most traits will be like those of their father. C. More genes from their father are expressed in traits that can be seen, and more genes from their mother are expressed in traits that cannot be seen, such as blood type or enzyme function. 8 B. 2 C. 16 D. 4 Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram below shows the results of a test that was done using DNA samples from three bears of di erent species. Each DNA sample was cut into fragments using a speci c enzyme and placed in the wells as indicated below. The DNA fragments were then separated using gel electrophoresis. D. sorting and recombination of genes 5. Most cells in the body of a fruit y contain eight chromosomes. How many of these chromosomes were contributed by each parent of the fruit y? Which two bears are most closely related? Support your answer with data from the test results. D. Genes from their father are stronger than genes from their mother, so the genes from their mother are not expressed. 9. page 2 Identify one additional way to determine the evolutionary relationship of these bears. Genetics review 10. Hereditary information is stored inside the A. ribosomes, which have chromosomes that contain many genes B. ribosomes, which have genes that contain many chromosomes C. nucleus, which has chromosomes that contain many genes 12. Compared to each cell of the original carrot plant, each cell of the new plant will have D. nucleus, which has genes that contain many chromosomes 11. The diagram below represents the cloning of a carrot plant. The diagram below represents single-celled organism A dividing by mitosis to form cells B and C. A. the same number of chromosomes and the same types of genes B. the same number of chromosomes, but di erent types of genes C. half the number of chromosomes and the same types of genes D. half the number of chromosomes, but di erent types of genes 13. Cells A, B, and C all produced protein X. What can best be inferred from this observation? A. Protein X is found in all organisms. B. The gene for protein X is found in singlecelled organisms, only. C. Cells A, B, and C ingested food containing the gene to produce protein X. Which event occurring in the life cycle of a bacterium most directly involves the replication of DNA? A. The bacterium copies its single chromosome. B. As the cell grows, the two copies of the chromosome separate. C. The cell divides as a partition separates it into equal halves. D. Each new cell receives one copy of the chromosome. D. The gene to produce protein X was passed from cell A to cells B and C. page 3 Genetics review 14. The accompanying diagram represents a cell process. 16. The organism represented below is multicellular, heterotrophic, and completely aquatic. Which statement regarding this process is correct? 15. A. Cell B contains the same genetic information that cells A and C contain. Which other characteristics could be used to describe this organism? B. Cell C has DNA that is only 50% identical to cell B. A. carries out photosynthesis and needs oxygen C. Cell A has DNA that is only 75% identical to cell B. B. deposits cellular wastes on land and decomposes dead organisms D. Cells A, B, and C contain completely di erent genetic information. C. reproduces asexually and is a consumer D. reproduces in a water habitat and is a producer The diagram represents reproduction of single-celled organism A, which has a normal chromosome number of 8. 17. Two di erent types of cells from an organism are shown. Explain how these two di erent types of cells can function di erently in the same organism even though they both contain the same genetic instructions. 18. Which row in the chart below best describes asexual reproduction? Row In the circles representing o spring 1 and o spring 2, write the number of chromosomes that result from the normal asexual reproduction of organism A. (1) (2) (3) (4) page 4 Number of Comparison of Parents O spring to Parents one identical one di erent two identical two di erent A. Row (1) B. Row (2) C. Row (3) D. Row (4) Genetics review 19. An antibiotic is e ective in killing 95% of a population of bacteria that reproduce by the process shown below. 22. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram, which provides information related to heredity, and on your knowledge of biology. Which statement best describes future generations of these bacteria? A. They will be produced by asexual reproduction and will be more resistant to the antibiotic. B. They will be produced by sexual reproduction and will be more resistant to the antibiotic. C. They will be produced by asexual reproduction and will be just as susceptible to the antibiotic. The type of molecule in box A serves as a template. Explain what this means. 23. D. They will be produced by sexual reproduction and will be just as susceptible to the antibiotic. 20. Molecule 1 represents a segment of hereditary information, and molecule 2 represents the portion of a molecule that is determined by information from molecule 1. The diagrams below illustrate types of asexual reproduction. Which statement correctly describes the o spring? A. They vary genetically from the parent. B. They are produced by the union of gametes. C. They obtain nourishment from a placenta. What will most likely happen if there is a change in the rst three subunits on the upper strand of molecule 1? D. They result without the union of gametes. 21. A medical test indicates that a patient has a defective protein. This condition is most likely due to a change in the directions coded in the A. number of hydrogen atoms in starch molecules B. sequence of inorganic molecules C. number of carbon atoms in sugar molecules A. The remaining subunits in molecule 1 will also change. B. A portion of molecule 2 may be di erent. C. Molecule 1 will split apart, triggering an immune response. D. Molecule 2 may form two strands rather than one. D. sequence of subunits in DNA page 5 Genetics review 24. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and chart below and on your knowledge of biology. 28. In DNA, a sequence of three bases is a code for the placement of a certain amino acid in a protein chain. The table below shows some amino acids with their abbreviations and DNA codes 29. Changes in the genetic code of a human can be transmitted to o spring if they occur in A. cancer cells B. gametes C. cell membranes D. antibodies Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Mutations are often referred to as the “raw materials” of evolution. Use appropriate letters to write a 9-base DNA sequence that could represent a portion of a gene. Which amino acid chain would be produced by the DNA base sequence below? 30. C-A-A-G-T-T-A-A-A-T-T-A-T-T-G-T-G-A Show one example of what could happen to the 9-base DNA sequence you wrote in the previous question if a mutation occurred in that gene. A. B. C. D. 25. Identify one environmental factor that could cause a base sequence in DNA to be changed to a di erent base sequence. 26. Describe how a protein would be changed if a base sequence mutates from GGA to TGA. 27. A single gene mutation results from A. a change in a base sequence in DNA B. recombination of traits C. the failure of chromosomes to separate D. blocked nerve messages page 6 Genetics review 31. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. 32. In an investigation, DNA samples from four organisms, A; B; C, and D, were cut into fragments. The number of bases in the resulting DNA fragments for each sample is shown below. The diagram below represents the gel-like material through which the DNA fragments moved during gel electrophoresis. Draw lines to represent the position of the fragments from each DNA sample when electrophoresis is completed. DNA electrophoresis is used to study evolutionary relationships of species. The diagram below shows the results of DNA electrophoresis for four di erent animal species. Which species has the most DNA in common with species A? page 7 A. X and Y, only B. Y, only C. Z, only D. X, Y, and Z Genetics review 33. The diagram below represents a structure found in most cells. 35. The letters in the accompanying diagram represent genes on a particular chromosome. Gene B contains the code for an enzyme that cannot be synthesized unless gene A is also active. Which statement best explains why this can occur? The section labeled A in the diagram is most likely a A. protein composed of folded chains of base subunits B. biological catalyst C. part of a gene for a particular trait A hereditary trait can be determined by more than one gene. B. Genes are made up of double-stranded segments of DNA. C. All the genes on a chromosome act to produce a single trait. D. The rst gene on each chromosome controls all the other genes on the chromosome. D. chromosome undergoing a mutation 34. A. Part of a molecule found in cells is represented below. Which process is most directly a ected by the arrangement of components 1 through 4? A. di usion through cell membranes B. fertilization of a sex cell C. sequencing of amino acids in cells D. increasing the number of cells in an organism page 8 Genetics review 36. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below and on your knowledge of biology. 39. The accompanying diagram shows two di erent structures, 1 and 2, that are present in many singlecelled organisms. Structure 1 contains protein A, but not protein B, and structure 2 contains protein B, but not protein A. Which statement is correct concerning protein A and protein B? Fill in the missing mRNA bases and the amino acid sequence that corresponds to the DNA base sequence below. DNA mRNA CAC GTG GAC B. Proteins A and B have di erent functions but the same amino acid chains. C. Proteins A and B have the same function but a di erent sequence of bases (A, C, T, and G). D. Proteins A and B have the same function and the same sequence of bases (A, C, T, and G). Four di erent segments of a DNA molecule are represented below. 40. There is an error in the DNA molecule in 38. Proteins A and B have di erent functions and di erent amino acid chains. TGA Amino acids 37. A. A. segment 1, only B. segment 3, only C. segments 2 and 3 D. segments 2 and 4 The shape of a protein molecule is in uenced by A. whether it is organic or inorganic B. the sequence of amino acids in it C. the number of genes found in the nucleus Two proteins in the same cell perform di erent functions. This is because the two proteins are composed of A. chains folded the same way and the same sequence of simple sugars B. chains folded the same way and the same sequence of amino acids C. chains folded di erently and a di erent sequence of simple sugars D. chains folded di erently and a di erent sequence of amino acids D. the number of chromosomes in the cell page 9 Genetics review 41. The development of an embryo is represented in the diagram below. 42. Base your answer to the following question on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Stem cells present in an embryo are responsible for the formation of various tissues and organs. Recent research suggests that it may be possible to replicate stem cells from sections of skin taken from adult mice, rather than having to use stem cells from the embryos of mice. In the future, human stem cells may be used to replace human tissue damaged by diseases such as Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis. Discuss why the use of stem cells taken from a patient to replace damaged tissues and organs may decrease the potential risk to a patient. In your answer, be sure to: identify the major problem that may occur when tissues and organs donated by another individual are used These changes in the form of the embryo are a direct result of A. uncontrolled cell division and mutations B. di erentiation and growth C. antibodies and antigens inherited from the father explain why this problem may occur explain why this problem will not occur if tissues and organs produced by stem cells from the patient are used D. meiosis and fertilization page 10 Genetics review 43. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. 47. Steps in a reproductive process used to produce a sheep with certain traits are listed below. Step 1— The nucleus was removed from an unfertilized egg taken from sheep A. The four wells represented in the diagram were each injected with fragments that were prepared from DNA samples using identical techniques. Step 2—The nucleus of a body cell taken from sheep B was then inserted into this unfertilized egg from sheep A. Step 3—The resulting cell was then implanted into the uterus of sheep C. Step 4—Sheep C gave birth to sheep D. Which sheep would be most genetically similar to sheep D? This laboratory procedure is known as A. cloning B. gel electrophoresis C. chromatography A. sheep A, only B. sheep B, only C. both sheep A and B D. both sheep A and C D. use of a dichotomous key 44. The arrow represents the direction of the movement of the DNA fragments. What is responsible for the movement of the DNA in this process? 45. The four samples of DNA were taken from four di erent individuals. Explain how this is evident from the results shown in the diagram. 46. Identify the substance that was used to treat the DNA to produce the fragments that were put into the wells. page 11 Genetics review 48. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. 49. The DNA of three di erent species of birds was analyzed to help determine if there is an evolutionary relationship between these species. The diagram shows the results of this analysis. The information in the chart below represents the sex chromosome arrangement in humans and birds. Sex chromosomes contain genes involved in sex determination. Sex Chromosomes in Animals Animal humans birds Female Male XX ZW XY ZZ In humans, it is the male gamete that is responsible for determining the sex of the o spring. Identify which type of gamete determines the sex of the o spring in birds. Support your answer. Type of Gamete: The chart below contains amino acid sequences for part of a protein that is found in the feathers on each of these three species of birds. Species Amino Acid Sequence A Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly-His-His-Pro-Lys-Arg B Arg-Gly-Glu-Gly-His-His-Pro-Lys-Arg C Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly-His-His-Pro-Lys-Arg State one way this data supports the inference that these three bird species may be closely related. page 12 Genetics review Problem-Attic format version 4.4.178 c 2011–2013 EducAide Software _ Licensed for use by Dan Figueras Terms of Use at www.problem-attic.com Genetics review 05/29/2013 1. Answer: C 18. Answer: A 2. Answer: D 19. Answer: A 3. Answer: C 20. Answer: D 4. Answer: D 21. Answer: D 5. Answer: C 22. Answer: The template serves as a pattern. 6. Answer: B 23. Answer: B 7. Answer: D 24. Answer: C 8. Answer: 9. Answer: bears 1 and 3 are most closely related and they have more DNA bands (4) in common. Compare proteins from the bears. OR Compare embryonic similarities. OR Compare structural similarities. 25. Answer: 26. Answer: ultraviolet light, radiation, x rays, or chemicals The shape of the protein may be changed. OR The amino acid sequence would be di erent. OR The protein would contain threonine instead of proline. OR The protein being synthesized may not work correctly. OR The protein will not be able to function. 10. Answer: C 11. Answer: D 12. Answer: 27. Answer: A A 13. Answer: 28. Answer: B A 14. Answer: 29. Answer: AACCTGCTC or CCTACGGCA A 15. Answer: 30. Answer: Answers will vary 8 16. Answer: C 17. Answer: Di erent types of cells express di erent genes. OR They contain di erent proteins. Teacher's Key 31. Answer: 45. Answer: 46. Answer: 47. Answer: 48. Answer: 32. Answer: C 33. Answer: C 34. Answer: C 35. Answer: A 36. Answer: DNA CAC mRNA GUG Amino acids VAL 37. Answer: B 38. Answer: B 39. Answer: A 40. Answer: D 41. Answer: B 42. Answer: 43. Answer: 44. Answer: 49. Answer: GTG CAC HIS GAC TGA CUG ACU LEU THR rejection of tissues or organs; foreign proteins from donated/tissues/organs trigger immune response, or immune system attacks foreign tissues/organs; Proteins in tissues/organs will be the same as those of the patient, so the immune system. will not attack. B electric current, attraction of negative fragments to positive pole, or charges on the DNA Page 2 The bands are in di erent positions in each column. OR di erent banding patterns OR di erent number of bands enzymes or restriction enzymes or enzymes that cut DNA. B Since they have similar amino acid sequences, they may be closely related. OR Since they have amino acid sequences that are very much alike, the species have similar DNA. Female or egg or zw and supporting the answer. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to: Female gametes have one of two di erent types of sex chromosomes. - The egg may contain one of two di erent types of sex chromosomes.