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Figure 7.2 Get used to this picture…. Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO2 H2O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP Heat energy © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Organic O2 molecules ATP powers most cellular work Aerobic Respiration overview Electron shuttles span membrane CYTOSOL 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 NADH Glycolysis Glucose MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH or 2 FADH2 2 Pyruvate Pyruvate oxidation 2 Acetyl CoA 2 ATP Maximum per glucose: 2 FADH2 Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis 2 ATP about 26 or 28 ATP About 30 or 32 ATP Can you draw this process? Can you explain it? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fermentation & anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP Without O2, the electron transport chain will cease to operate In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anaerobic respiration: uses an electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor other than O2, for example, sulfate (S has a similar electronegativity to O) Fermentation: uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.17 Glucose CYTOSOL Glycolysis Pyruvate No O2 present: Fermentation O2 present: Aerobic cellular respiration MITOCHONDRION Ethanol, lactate, or other products Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Alcohol fermentation 2 ADP 2 P Glucose Lactic acid fermentation 2 ADP 2 P 2 ATP i Glycolysis Glucose 2 ATP i Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD 2 NADH 2 H 2 NAD 2 CO2 2 NADH 2 H 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetaldehyde 2 Ethanol 2 Lactate Pathway Alcohol Lactic Acid Substrate Pyruvate Pyruvate Products CO2, NAD+, EtOH NAD+, lactate Examples Brewing, breadmaking Yogurt, cheese, muscle cells © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Products of glycolysis Final Electron Acceptor # ATP produced during respiration Other products © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anaerobic Fermentation • Pyruvate • 2 ATP (net) • NAD+ > NADH • Pyruvate • 2 ATP (net) • NAD+ > NADH • O2 • Not O2, example • Pyruvate, SO4 acetaldehyde • 32 • Includes Krebs & Glycolysis contribution • 32 (I think) • 2, that’s all you get • CO2 • H2O • H2S • Lactic Acid • Ethanol • • • • Pyruvate 2 ATP (net) NAD+ > NADH CO2 Comparing Fermentation with Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration All use glycolysis (net ATP 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food In all three, NAD is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis The processes have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration Cellular respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule; fermentation produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Obligate anaerobes carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 Facultative anaerobes: can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.