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The Cell
What is a cell?
 The basic unit of structure and function of all
living things.
 The basic building block of all organisms.
What are organelles?
 Humans have organs
 Cells contain
organelles
 These organelles are
like tiny organs inside
a cell.
 For example: A
nucleus acts like the
brain of the cell.
Nucleus
History
 Robert Hooke – first
to discover cells.
 Looking at Cork under
the microscope.
History
 Schleiden
 Botanist who said all
plants are made of
cells.
History
 Schwann
 Zoologist who said all
animals are made of
cells
History
 Virchow
 All living cells come
only from other living
cells.
Cell Theory
 All living things are made up of cells
 Cells are the basic units of structure and function of
living things
 Living cells come only from other living cells.
What’s the difference anyway?
 Theory
 Tested and based on results,
develop an idea that could
explain the problem.
 Can be proven true or false
by others
 Theory of Evolution, the BIG
Bang Theory
 Law
 Doesn’t need to be
tested, because we
KNOW it to be true
 Each time, it has the
same outcome
 The law of gravity
Organization of an organism
Organism
You
Organ Systems
Digestive system
Organs
stomach
Tissue
Stomach lining
Cells
Stomach Cells
Basic Structures of a cell
 All cells share certain
structures that make them
a cell
 All cells must contain at
least 4 basic structures to
be considered a living cell
 Cell membrane
 Ribosomes
-- DNA
 Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane:
The Cell
1. ALL CELLS
2. Separates the cell from the
outside environment
3. The membrane is what makes
a cell… a cell.
Ribosomes:
The Cell1. ALL CELLS
2. Found in the
cytoplasm & on E.R.
3. Proteins are made here
from DNA instructions to
carry out the functions of life
Cytoplasm:
The Cell1. ALL CELLS
2. The ENVIRONMENT of the
cell. All organelles float in it
TWO TYPES OF CELLS
 PROKARYOTES – DO NOT contain a NUCLEUS or
membrane bound organelles
Ex: bacteria
 EUKARYOTES – DO CONTAIN A NUCLEUS and
contain membrane bound organelles.
 Ex: animal and plant cells
Nucleus:
The Cell1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Center of the cell
3.
Control Center
of the cell
Cell Membrane:
The Cell
1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Controls the movement of
material into & out of the cell
3. Selectively Permeable – chooses
what enters and exits the cell
Cell transport - Diffusion
 Diffusion
 the process by which
molecules spread from
areas of high
concentration, to areas
of low concentration
 Does not require Energy;
happens naturally
 Passive Transport****
 Equilibrium
 when the molecules are
even throughout a space
Passive Transport: No energy
Concentration Gradient - change in the concentration of a
substance from one area to another.
Active Transport
 Requires Energy
 Low to high concentration
Osmosis
 75 % of cells is water
 the diffusion of water (across a
membrane)
 Water will move in the
direction towards where there
is a high concentration of
solute (and hence a lower
concentration of water)
 Does not require Energy;
happens naturally
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endo = In
Exo = Out
Sections of the membrane “swallow” substances
and bring them into or out of the cell
Review: Producers
 Producers get their
energy from the sun.
 Producers convert this
light energy into
stored chemical
energy (glucose).
 This process is called
photosynthesis.
Review: Consumers
 Consumers get their
energy from the
producers.
 Consumers convert
stored chemical
energy (glucose) into
usable chemical
energy (ATP).
 This process is called
cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration (aerobic)
 Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose
(C6H12O6) is broken down to release energy for making
ATP, another form of chemical energy.
Aerobic Respiration –
Equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
food
oxygen
(glucose, a carbohydrate)
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 36 ATP
water
carbon
dioxide
Chemical Equations
Photosynthesis:
6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy (sun) → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy (ATP)
Why ATP? An analogy to
money…
 Glucose in our food is a great source of energy! ($100 bill)
 However, individual cell processes may only require a small
amount of energy ($1 bill)
 Analogy: most vending machines do not accept $100 bills!
We need a smaller form of “currency” for these processes.
 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is this important cellular
“currency” for life.
 ATP releases more appropriate amounts of energy for the
individual cellular processes that require energy.
The BIG Question is…
Do only animals respire?
Or do plants respire too?
 Only plants perform photosynthesis
 Plants AND animals perform cellular respiration!
(Can you explain why??)
Site of Cellular Respiration
 Plant and animal cells contain mitochondria: cell
structures that transform chemical energy from
glucose to ATP.
Significant ATP Production
 Aerobic cellular respiration releases energy SLOWLY, using
oxygen to convert ONE molecule of glucose to 36 ATP!
Cellular Metabolism & Energy
 Cellular Respiration
 Process where organisms use
food to make usable energy
for cells
 Step 1: Glucose is broken
down in the cytoplasm
 Step 2: Oxygen helps
Energy captured to be
changed into ATP for
cellular use in the
mitochondria
The CellMitochondria:
1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. RESPIRATION occurs
here (use of oxygen to break
down food particles for
energy)
3. Makes ENERGY for the cell.
2 types of Cellular Respiration
 Aerobic Respiration
 Requires Food & Oxygen
 Water and CO2 are waste
products
 Food + Oxygen
CO2 + Water + ATP
 Energy not used is stored as
fat
2 Types of Cellular Respiration
 Anaerobic Respiration
(Fermentation)
 Does not require Oxygen
(anaerobic)
 Yeast cells used to make
bread
 Creates CO2 (makes bread
rise) , alcohol (for beer,
wine, champagne)
The Cell
Vacuoles:
1. In Plants (LARGE) &
Animal
2. Floating in the cytoplasm
3.
FOOD, WATER, and
Waste are STORED here
The Cell
Lysosomes:
1. Mostly Animal
2. Floating in the cytoplasm
3.
Digests food or Recycles
old or dead cell parts
Protein Synthesis
Protein Production
Process where organisms use the instructions in DNA to
make proteins for specific jobs in or outside the cell
Step 1: DNA is translated into a protein by the
ribosomes
Step 2: Proteins are processed and transported in the
ER and packaged in movable vacuoles called vessicles
and shipped to needed locations inside/outside the cell
by the golgi bodies.
Ribosomes:
The Cell1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Found in the
cytoplasm & on E.R.
3.
Proteins are made here
Using instructions from DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Cell
(E.R.):
1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Found around the nucleus
and throughout the cytoplasm
3. Transports materials in the cell
(TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM)
Golgi bodies:
The Cell
1. Animal & Plant Cells
2. Floating in Cytoplasm
3. Package & Ships cell materials
Major differences between a
plant and animal cell
 Plant cells have a cell wall –
animal cells do not.
 Plant cells have chloroplasts
– animal cells do not
 Plant cells have a much
larger vacuole than animal
cells
 Animal cells have
lysosomes, plants do not
The Cell
Chloroplast:
1. Plant Cells
2. Floating in Cytoplasm
3. Makes food for cell
(Photosynthesis – captures
ENERGY IN SUNLIGHT)
4. Contains CHLOROPHYLL
To absorb sunlight
The Cell
Cell Wall:
1. Plant Cells – NOT IN
ANIMALS!!
2. Gives plant cells its shape
3.
STRONG to provide
Structure and support
Lysosomes
You will find organelles called lysosomes
in nearly every animal-like eukaryotic
cell. They hold enzymes that digest ot
break down food or worn out cell parts.
Cellular Metabolism & Energy
 Photosynthesis
 Process where plants use
light for food
 Step 1: Energy in the form of
sunlight is captured by the
chlorophyll in the
chloroplast
 Step 2: Energy captured is
changed into food for plant
Photosynthesis
 Sunlight + CO2 +
Water
Glucose (food) + O2
REMEMBER – PLANTS
STILL COMPLETE
RESPIRATION!
Review:
•
•
1
Is this a plant or
animal cell?
2
Label the numbers
3
4
5
6
10
7
9
8
The Cell
1
2
3
4
5
Nucleolus
10
9
Cytoplasm
6
7
8
Ticket
at
the
door
–
5
points
Number your paper from 1 – 5. Answer the questions.
1.What two organelles are unique to plant cells?
2.Does a prokaryotic cell have a nucleus? Yes or no
3.Does active transport require energy? Yes or no
4.What two things are needed to preform cellular
respiration?
1.Do all cells preform cellular respiration? Yes or
no