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April 12, 2010 1. Tell me about your spring break! (a GOOD paragraph, 4-5 sentences!) 2. Write down at least 3 things you know about DNA 3. Write down at least 2 things you know about RNA. DNA Structure Make observations of DNA pictures. Write down AT LEAST 3 things you notice about the structure of DNA DNA vs. RNA Similarities • Nucleotides as building blocks • Sugar-Phosphate backbone • Nitrogen bases (A, C, G, and other) DNA vs. RNA Differences # strands Type of Sugar DNA 2 deoxyribose RNA 1 ribose Bases A-T C-G A-U C-G *There is no T in RNA DNA YOUTUBE CLIPS 1. 2. 3. 4. The Secret of Life - Discovery of DNA Structure The Secret of Life 2 Watson and Crick DNA Extraction Central Dogma of Biology • BIG IDEA – DNA RNA Protein Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription • Overall: DNA is changed into mRNA – (messenger RNA) • Occurs in the nucleus – Remember: DNA cannot leave nucleus b/c it’s too big! Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription • Steps 1.Enzymes unwind and unzip DNA – Must be able to access the nitrogen bases – The order of nitrogen bases determines characteristics of organisms; this is where the genetic info is held! Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription 2. mRNA “reads” DNA (enzyme helps bring in nucleotides and bond them together) – Follows base pairing rules: – EX DNA RNA C G G C T A A U ***There are no T bases in RNA, use Uracil (U) instead DNA TAC AAC TTG GCG TAT TAA CGT mRNA AUG UUG AAC CGC AUA AUU GCA Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription 3. SINGLE STRAND mRNA exits nucleus with code; DNA zips and winds back to normal Transcription = making RNA TRY ONE! Given DNA CODE ATG, CCG, TAC, AGA, GTC, TTC Make a complimentary mRNA Strand. UAC, GGC, AUG, UCU, CAG, AAG Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation • Overall: mRNA is changed into protein • Occurs in the cytoplasm Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation • Steps 1. mRNA code is “read” – every three bases represents a codon or a triplet – each codon = 1 amino acid – start codon is AUG; anything before the AUG sequence is junk. • EXAMPLE – mRNA: AACUAUGCAAUUAGCAU Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation 2. tRNA brings in appropriate amino acid (transfer RNA) – has an anticodon that follows the base pairing rules to match mRNA strand – Ex. mRNA codon of AUG has a tRNA anticodon of UAC Protein Synthesis Part 2: Translation 3.translation will stop when it reaches a STOP codon (according to chart) • Without transcription or translation, our genetic information would be useless -- a recipe on a page with no way to bake the cake. Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation From RNA to Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis Language of Genetics Words in DNA/RNA are made up of 3 letters – Ex) AUG, TUC, CCC, GGG, ATG • DNA: A word is called a “code” • mRNA: A word is called a “codon” • tRNA: A word is called an “anti-codon” – Opposite of codon Examples • • • • DNA Code – TAC mRNA Codon – AUG tRNA Anti-Codon – UAC Amino Acid - Methionine • • • • DNA Code – GAC mRNA Codon – CUG tRNA Anti-Codon – GAC AA – Leucine Complete the Process • • • • • • • • DNA CTTACGGGTTACGCATT mRNA – Break it down to 3’s (GA)AUG, CCC, AAU, GCG, UAA tRNA – (CU)UAC, GGG, UUA, CGC, AUU AA Chain – Use mRNA and code wheel! Methionine, Proline, Asparagine, Alanine, Stop Summary • DNA code is Transcribed to mRNA codon • mRNA “start” codon (AUG) is Translated and tRNA anticodon attaches • Amino Acids are strung together at Ribosome until “stop” codon is reached • AA strings are Proteins