* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download dna ppt
Restriction enzyme wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Endogenous retrovirus wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
DNA repair protein XRCC4 wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Real-time polymerase chain reaction wikipedia , lookup
Agarose gel electrophoresis wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Transformation (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid – Controls cells activities – Contains organism’s traits – Contains messages to produce proteins DNA • Monomer- Nucleotide DNA DNA- Base Pairs Adenine bonds with Thymine Cytosine bonds with Guanine DNA- Base Pairs • Just remember: AT Common Grounds A bonds with T C bonds with G DNA structure • James Watson and Francis Crick 1953 Shaped like a ladder Sides- alternating sugars and phosphates Steps-base pairs joined by hydrogen bonds DNA Structure • Then ladder is twisted forming a double helix DNA and RNA DNA RNA Strands Double strand Single strand Sugar Deoxyribose ribose Base pairs A-T C-G A-U C-G Uracil is substituted for thymine Location Nucleus only Moves from nucleus to cytoplasm DNA and RNA DNA Replication • During mitosis- chromosomes (DNA) are copied (replicated) • Every cell gets a complete set of chromosomes • Replication- process in which DNA is copied DNA Replication • Steps to DNA replication – 1. Chemical bonds split between base pairs, DNA is unzipped – 2. Free nucleotide bases pair up with complementary base on DNA strands. Each original strand is called a template. – 3. Sugars and phosphates bond between free nucleotides – 4. Result is 2 identical molecules of DNA. Each new molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand DNA Replication DNA Replication Note: Each new DNA molecule is made of one old strand and one new strand DNA Replication Links • http://www.lpscience.fatcow.co m/jwanamaker/animations/DNA% 20Replication%20%20long%20.html Types of RNA • mRNA- messenger RNA- single strand copied from one side of the DNA molecule in the nucleus. Moves to the cytoplasm. “Carries the message” • tRNA- transfer RNA- carries the amino acids to make a protein. Carries them to the ribosome and mRNA. • rRNA- ribosomal RNA- bonds with mRNA, site where tRNA brings amino acids to form a protein Types of RNA mRNA tRNA rRNA Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation • Transcription- one side of a DNA molecule is copied forming a mRNA molecule • Translation- protein is formed by joining Amino Acids -sequence of mRNA bases is converted into an amino acid sequence Central Dogma of Gene Expression Protein Synthesis Transcription • 1. DNA unzips • 2. Free floating nucleotides bond to one side of DNA (Uracil bonds with Adenine) • 3. Nucleotides are joined together • 4. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm Protein Synthesis Translation • Codon- set of three bases on mRNA, each one codes for one amino acid Protein Synthesis Translation Determine the chain of Amino Acids for the following codons AUG CAG UAU GAU GUU UUA CCU UAG Met Gln Tyr Asp Val Leu Pro Stop U C A G U Phe C Ser A Tyr G Cys U Phe Ser Tyr Cys C Leu Ser STOP STOP A Leu Leu Ser Pro STOP His Trp Arg G U Leu Pro His Arg C Leu Pro Gln Arg A Leu Ile Pro Thr Gln Asn Arg Ser G U Ile Thr Asn Ser C Ile Thr Lys Arg A Met (Start) Thr Lys Arg G Val Ala Asp Gly U Val Ala Asp Gly C Val Ala Glu Gly A Val Ala Glu Gly G Protein Synthesis Translation Anti-codon- three bases on the tRNA molecule that is the complement to the bases in a codon. Protein Synthesis Steps of Translation • 1. Ribosome attaches to mRNA • 2. tRNA with anti-codon that is the complement of the codon attaches to mRNA carrying a specific amino acid • 3. Ribosome slides to second codon • 4. Second tRNA with complementary anticodon bonds with second codon • 5. Amino acid from 1st tRNA bonds with amino acid attached to 2nd tRNA • 6. Ribosome continues down mRNA creating a chain of amino acids until a stop codon is reached Protein Synthesis Steps of Translation TC G TTC A AA template Strand AG T T C AAGT U C G UU C A A A mRNA A A TTC G A C T template Strand AG T T C AAGT U C G UU C A A A Nucleus mRNA Cytoplasm Ribosome A A TTC G A C T Template Strand AG T T C AAGT U C G UU C A A A Nucleus mRNA Cytoplasm U C G UU C A A A A A TTC G A C T Template Strand AG T T C AAGT Nucleus Cytoplasm U C G UU C A A A A A TTC G A C T template Strand AG T T C AAGT Nucleus AA1 Cytoplasm tRNA’s AGC U C G UU C A A A A A TTC G A C T template Strand AG T T C AAGT Nucleus ATP AA1 •AA2 Cytoplasm tRNA’s AGC AAG U C G UU C A A A A A TTC G A C T Template Strand AG T T C AAGT AA1 Nucleus ATP AA1 •AA2 AA3 Cytoplasm AAG U U U U C G UU C A A A A A TTC G A C T template Strand AG T T C AAGT AA1 Nucleus AGC AA1 •AA2 AA3 Cytoplasm AAG U U U U C G UU C A A A A A TTC G A C T Template Strand AG T T C AAGT AA1 Nucleus AGC AA1 •AA2 AA3 Cytoplasm AAG U U U U C G UU C A A A A A TTC G A C T Template Strand AG T T C AAGT AA1 Nucleus AGC AA1 •AA2 AA3 Cytoplasm UUU U C G UU C A A A Protein Synthesis links • http://www.lpscience.fatcow.co m/jwanamaker/animations/Protei n%20Synthesis%20%20long.html • http://www.wisconline.com/objects/index_tj.asp? objid=AP1302 Mistakes in the Genetic Code • Mutation- a change in the genetic code • Mutagen- any substance that causes a mutation to occur – Examples: chemicals, radiation, high temps Types of Mutations • Point mutation- change, deletion or insertion of one base pair • 1. Substitution mutation – one base replaced by another – often has no effect on phenotype • Example GGU = glycine GGC = glycine Types of Mutations • 2. Frame shift mutation- deletion or addition/insertion of a base – Codons get shifted Example: GGG CUU CCU ACU Gly Leu Pro Thr Suppose third G in first codon is lost, then: GGC UUC CUA CU Gly Phe Leu Types of Mutations • 3. Inversion mutation- part of the genetic code breaks off and is inserted in reverse order • AUCCGCUCUAA • AUCUCGCCUAA Types of Mutations • 4. Chromosomal mutation- whole chromosome is added or deleted – Caused by non-disjunction – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= eDbK0cxKKsk Genetic Technology • Selective breeding- farmers choose organisms with desirable traits to breed – Increases frequency of desired allele in population • Genetic Engineering- faster method of increasing desired allele in population – Small fragment of DNA is cut or cleaved from one organism and fragment is inserted into a host organism – Also called recombinant DNAconnecting fragments of DNA from different sources Transgenic organism- organism containing fragments of foreign DNA Food Genetic Engineering- GMO • Genetically Modified Foods – Rice, tomatoes, corn, and other common food products have been genetically modified to withstand harsher temperatures, grow larger, be preserved longer on shelves, make toxins so pests don’t eat them. Vitamins and minerals can also be added to foods to make them more nutritious. Examples of Genetically Modified organisms Zebra Fish Salmon With growth hormone Examples of Genetically Modified Organisms Examples of Genetically Modified organisms Most Soybeans and corn Can be made: Disease resistant Pest resistant Drought resistant Bananas with vaccines Featherless chickens Examples of genetically modified Organisms Cat glows red under UV light Transformation( Recombinant DNA Technology) Use bacteria as vectors to place beneficial genes inside organisms Can mass produce the beneficial genes so that it can be used for medicine, therapy, etc. Have a quick turn around time for the product to be made. Example- Human Insulin made by bacteria to treat diabetes Gene Therapy: take out bad gene and place in good gene from another organism • Used for cancer therapy, replacing missing factors and enzymes in organism Genetic Technology Gel Electrophoresis • Fragments of DNA are separated by weight • Matching bands can be used to identify the source of the DNA • Gel Electrophoresis is used to make a DNA Fingerprint • Link: http://www.lpscience.fatcow.co m/jwanamaker/animations/Chro m%26Elpho.html Gel Electrophoresis DNA Fingerprinting • Which suspect committed the crime? Suspect 2 DNA Fingerprinting Various DNA samples in an assault investigation are shown in the figure on the right. • Blood samples of DNA were loaded into the following lanes: • 1- known blood sample of the victim • 2- known blood sample from the defendant • 3- female fraction from a swab of the victim • 4- male fraction from the swab of the victim What can you conclude about the defendant/suspect? Blood samples victim defendant Swab from victim female fraction male fraction • He is guilty • Suspect might be guilty, but more evidence is needed • Swab is from the wrong victim • The suspect must be excluded as a source of the DNA in the evidence • NONE of the above 1 2 3 4 DNA Fingerprinting • DNA fingerprint analysis is shown for a single locus for a man, a woman, and their four children. Which child is least likely to be the offspring of this couple? Child 2 Child 1 Child 2 Mother Father Child 3 Child 4 Stem Cells • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. Stem Cell references • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/co ntent/tech/stemcells/scfuture/ • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/co ntent/tech/stemcells/quickref/ Cloning • Cloning - the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. • Clone a mouse • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/co ntent/tech/cloning/clickandclone /