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Transcript
Basic Structure of a Cell Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell Number of Cells Organisms may be: • Unicellular – composed of one cell • Multicellularcomposed of many cells that may organize Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membranebound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals) Prokaryotes Nucleoid region contains the DNA •Cell membrane & cell wall • Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: • Nucleus • Cell Membrane • Cytoplasm with organelles Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm Organelles Found in Cells Examples of Organelles include: Nucleolus – makes ribosomes Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes Ribosomes – makes proteins Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape Site of Cellular respiration In Animal Cells AND Plants: Mitochondria Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP Surrounding the Cell Cell membrane Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Selectively permeable Cell or Plasma Membrane Cell membrane Living layer Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Selectively permeable Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion Control Organelle Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell Bounded by a nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes More on the Nucleus Nucleus Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control cell characteristics Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis Plant Cell Cell wall Dead layer Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers Freely permeable Plant Cell Cell wall Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells Plant Cell Cell wall Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm) Resist entry of excess water into the cell Give shape to the cell Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole Have a large central vacuole Surrounded by tonoplast Contains cell sap Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells root hair Root Hair Cell Guard Cells vacuole cytoplasm nucleus mitochondrion glycogen granule cell membrane Animal cell No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy Animal Cell Organelles • Near the nucleus • Paired structures • Help cell divide Different kinds of animal cells white blood cell Amoeba red blood cell muscle cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell Paramecium Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Plant cells Relatively smaller in size Relatively larger in size Irregular shape Regular shape No cell wall Cell wall present Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells Animal cells Plant cells Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen as food storage Starch as food storage Nucleus at the center Nucleus near cell wall Compound Microscope • Instrument for observing small objects • Magnify images up to 2000X their size Different parts of a microscope Revolving nosepiece Eyepiece Clip Body tube Coarse adjustment Fine adjustment Condenser Arm Iris diaphragm Stage Objective Mirror Condenser control knob Base Levels of organization • Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ) Chloroplast Palisade Mesophyll Cell Spongy Mesophyll Cell Air Space Stoma The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ) Examples of a Human Body System Examples of a Human Body System The Respiratory System Examples of a Human Body System Circulatory System