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Cell
Structure and
Function
Chapter 7
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Vocab Review
Process in which cells change
and develop into different
kinds of cells doing different
jobs
Differentiation OR cell specialization
Idea that all living things are made of
Cells, cells are the basic units of structure
and function in living things, and new cells
are produced by existing cells
Cell theory
Collection of living material enclosed by a
barrier that separates it from its
surroundings; the basic unit of life
cell
Log-like structures that pull the
chromosomes apart during cell division
in animal cells
centrioles
Membrane protein with sugars
attached that help cells identify
“self”
glycoprotein
Movement of water from a higher
concentration to lower across a
semi-permeable cell membrane
osmosis
Sac of digestive enzymes used
by cells to break down food,
cell parts, or whole cells
lysosomes
Membrane stacks found inside
chloroplasts where the enzymes
for photosynthesis are found
thylakoids
Control center of the cell that
contains the genetic material
nucleus
Stack of membranes in cells that
modifies, sorts, and packages
proteins from the ER for transport
Golgi body (apparatus)
DNA with attached proteins found
spread out in the nucleus of
non-dividing cells
chromatin
Describes molecules that try to
stay away from water…
means “water fearing”
hydrophobic
Transport that does NOT require
energy
Passive transport
Movement of molecules from an
area of higher concentration to
lower until equilibrium is reached
diffusion
Nucleotide molecules used by cells
to store and transfer energy
ATP
Transport that requires energy
Active transport
DNA with proteins attached that is
scrunched up into compact bodies in
the nucleus of dividing cells
chromosomes
Molecule with a polar head and
two hydrophobic tails used to
make cell membranes
phospholipid
Passive movement of specific molecules
across a cell membrane with the help of
membrane carrier proteins
Facilitated diffusion
Condition in which the concentration
of molecules outside the cell is
GREATER than inside.
HYPERTONIC
Kind of passive transport in which
proteins form passageways across
the membrane for sodium,
potassium, calcium, and chloride ions
ion channels
Many, small hair-like structures made
of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
that extend from the surface of cells
and help in movement
cilia
Space used to store water, food,
molecules, enzymes, or waste
vacuole
Condition in which the concentration
of molecules outside the cell is
LESS than inside
HYPOTONIC
Dark spot in the cell nucleus where
RNA for ribosomes is made
Nucleolus
Network of microtubules and
microfilaments that give the
cell shape and support it
cytoskeleton
Organism whose cells have a
nucleus and organelles
surrounded by membranes
eukaryote
Gel-like material and the organelles
found between the nucleus and cell
membrane
cytoplasm
Double membrane that
surrounds the cell nucleus
Nuclear envelope
OR nuclear membrane
Small particles that make proteins
ribosomes
Membrane system without
ribosomes attached involved in
lipid synthesis, calcium regulation,
and the break down of toxins
Smooth ER
Power plant of the cell that burns
glucose and stores the energy
released in ATP
mitochondria
Folded inner membrane inside a
mitochondrion
cristae
System of membranes with
ribosomes attached where proteins
are produced and modified
Rough ER
Organelle where photosynthesis
happens
chloroplast
Bilayer made of phospholipids
and proteins which surrounds all
cells and controls what enters
and leaves Cell membrane
Double layer formed when phospholipids
line up with their hydrophillic heads to
the outside and their hydrophobic tails
toward the center
bilayer
Molecule with an uneven pattern
of charges… slightly positive on
one side, slightly negative on
the other
polar
Small structure inside eukaryotic cells
which carries out a specific function
organelle
Unicellular organism that does NOT
have a nucleus and or organelles
surrounded by membranes
prokaryote
Describes molecules that try
to be near water or other polar
molecules… means “water loving”
hydrophillic
Structure found outside the
cell membrane that provides
support and protection
Cell wall
Polysaccharide found in plant
cell walls that makes them sturdy
cellulose
Molecule made by joining amino
acid subunits that is used to
make cell membranes
protein
Condition in which the concentration
of molecules outside the cell is
equal to the concentration inside
isotonic
Process in which small molecules
or liquids are engulfed and taken
into the cell
pinocytosis
Molecule used to build bacterial
cell walls instead of cellulose
peptidoglycan
State in which the concentration
of molecules is equal throughout
the available space
equilibrium
Process in which a vesicle fuses with
the cell membrane and releases its
contents to the outside
exocytosis
Kind of active transport in which
ATP provides the energy to a
membrane protein that moves
sodium ions out and potassium ions
into cells Sodium-potassium pump
A living thing composed of
many organ systems
organism
Process in which large molecules
or whole cells are engulfed and
taken into the cell
phagocytosis
Process in which material is surrounded by the
cell membrane and taken into the cell when a
piece of cell membrane breaks off and forms a
vesicle within the cytoplasm
endocytosis
Organism made of one cell
unicellular
A few, long hair-like structures made
of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement
that extend from the surface of cells
and help in movement
flagella
Small openings in the nuclear
membrane that allow molecules
to pass through
Nuclear pores
Group of different kinds of
tissues working together
organ
Molecule found in the nucleus
that carries the genetic code
DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid
A group of similar cells working
together
tissue
Organism made of many cells
multi-cellular
Group of different organs
working together
organ system
Protein found in cell membranes
which helps molecules get across
the membrane
Carrier protein
Small membrane sac used to
transport substances during
endocytosis and exocytosis
vesicle
Programmed cell death;
“cell suicide”
apoptosis