Download Cellular Structure

Cellular Structure
Nucleus
 The control center
of the cell
(metabolism,
protein synthesis)
Nucleolus
 Dense region that contains DNA?RNA
 Synthesizes rRNA and ribosomes
Cytoplasm
 The watery fluid
which contains
the materials
which enter the
cell.
 Dissolves things,
supports cell
structure.
Organelles
 Intracellular
structure that
performs a
specific function
or group of
functions.
(cellular
respiration,
releasing energy)
Mitochondria
 The
“powerhouse” of
the cell.
 They create food
to obtain energy
for cell activities.
 Produces 95% of
ATP
Matrix
Substance/
space between
cristae
Cristae
 Lots of folds in mitochondria
 The cristae greatly increase the inner
membrane's surface area. It is on these
cristae that food (sugar) is combined
with oxygen to produce ATP - the primary
energy source for the cell.
Ribosomes
 Makes proteins in
the cell. “Protein
factories”- aka.
protein synthesis
 Contains RNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
1. Synthesis
2. Storage
3. transport
Smooth (SER)
 Lack ribosomes (smooth
Rough (RER)
 Contain ribosomes (hence
rough)
Golgi Apparatus
 Package proteins
for storage and
secretion from the
cell.
 Exocytosis,
package particles
(forms
lysosomes)
Lysosomes
 Digest worn out
or unneeded cells
and cell parts.
Encloses the
materials and
bacteria in food
vacuoles.
Specialized Structures
 Organelles that are not common to all cells,
therefore they are not necessary for the cell
to operate.
Microtubules
 Hollow tubes that give support and strength
Centrosome
 The centrosome, also called the
"microtubule organizing center", is an area
in the cell where microtubles are produced.
Cilia
 Hair-like microtubules attached to the
plasma membrane that often help in
movement
Flagella
 A tail like structure used for movement
Microvilli
 Extension/folding of membrane to help
increase surface area.
 small extension of the cell surface of
absorptive and secretory epithelial cells,
such as kidney and intestinal cells.
Plasma Membrane
 Controls what enters and leaves the cell. It
contains the cell contents and protects the
cell.
 composed of lipids
 hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the
hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward.
Also called lipid bilayer.
AKA: cell membrane
Structure: Color Code
 Globular proteins: have a structural role as
well as a role in transporting ions in and out
the cell-they are rounded and compact.
Receptor Proteins
 Receptor Proteins: are found in the bilayer,
which deal with communication, recognition
proteins and transport proteins that regulate
the movement of water and soluble
molecules through the membrane.
 In order to regulate the transport of
molecules, there are two types of proteins in
the cell: carrier proteins and transport
proteins. The two types of transport
proteins are channel and carrier protein.
Transport is either active or passive.
Hydrophobic
 “Dislike Water”
 Two fatty acid tails
Hydrophilic
 “Likes Water”
 Non-lipid head
 The lipid tails will not associate with water
molecules, and this allows the cell
membrane to act as a physical barrier. The
phospholipid bilayer also contains
cholesterol, which makes the bilayer
stronger, more flexible and more permeable.
Carbohydrates & Lipids
Are found on the outer surface of the cell
and have 3 major roles:
1. important cell lubricants and adhesives
2. act as receptors for exracellular
compounds
3. part of a recognition system that keeps
the immune system from attacking its
own tissues.
Functions
1. Boundary between cell fluids
2. Selectively permeable
3. Communication