Download Module 3: Cell Reproduction Guided Notes Lesson 3.00 Introduction

Module 3: Cell Reproduction Guided Notes
Lesson 3.00 Introduction
This lesson shows the checklist for your module and reminds you to take the pretest. The pretest will
assess what you know already and could possibly even excuse you from some of your work. Make sure
that when you complete the pretest, you are using your own words and your own knowledge.
Lesson 3.01 Cell Division
As cells grow in size, they divide into smaller cells. Cell division is responsible for the _____ of
multicellular organisms.
Cell Cycle
During 1 full cell cycle, the cell _____serves its normal everyday jobs, the DNA _____and then the cell
divides into 2 identical daughter cells.
Cells spend most of their time in _____That’s the part of the cell cycle where the cell works and grows.
When it’s time to divide, the cell then goes through _____and cytokinesis.
Interphase is divided into 3 phases: (Describe what happens in each phase in 10 WORDS OR LESS)
G1 phase- _____
S phase-_____
G2 phase-_____
Cell division is divided into 2 phases: (Describe what happens in each phase in 10 WORDS OR LESS)
Mitosis-_____
Cytokinesis-_____
The cell cycle takes a different amount of time depending on the cell. Give an example: _____
Timing for the cell cycle is controlled by _____
DNA and Chromosomes
DNA- genetic blueprint for the cell; tells the cell when to grow, what to make, and when to divide
Prokayrotes- DNA is in a _____shape. During the cell cycle, the DNA is doubled, the cell divides and 2
new cells are formed, so they each get 1 copy of the circular DNA.
Eukaryotes- DNA is located inside the _____The DNA molecules wrap around proteins, which forms
something called a _____Then, they coil together even more to form strands of _____
Chromatin looks like a plate of spaghetti (lots of thin strands). As the cell gets ready to divide, the
strands of chromatin pull tighter together to form _____
There are a different number of chromosomes for each type of living thing. Humans have _____
chromosomes.
Since the cell is dividing, but each new cell will still need to have the full 46 chromosomes, the DNA has
to first be copied. That happens during the _____of interphase. Then, during mitosis, each new
nucleus will get a copy of all of the chromosomes so that they each have 46.
Mitosis
Cell division is important for both growth and _____.
Mitosis divides the _____from the original cell into 2 new _____
4 phases of mitosis (for each phase, please include a quick sketch and a description in 10 words or less)
Phase
Description
Picture
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
Cytokinesis
Once mitosis (division of the nucleus) is done, the process of cytokinesis splits the cell itself into 2.
Cytokinesis-_____
How is cytokinesis different in plant v. animal cells? _____
Once cytokinesis is done, there are 2 new cells that will each begin _____ and complete the _____over
again.
**Did you know??
How is Cancer related to cell division? _____
What is a mutation? _____
What are some things that can cause those mutations that cause cancer? _____
What is a stem cell and how can it be useful? _____
Self-Check: Complete the self-check on page 3 of the lesson. You may even want to compare the descriptions you
put in your notes chart above with the nice short and to the point descriptions and pictures in this activity.
Sample Questions
Which of the following does not occur during interphase?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cell growth
DNA replication
Cell performs its function
Cell divides
During the process of cell division, when does the nuclear membrane reform?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Prophase
Interphase
Telophase
Anaphase
3.01 HONORS ONLY
Binary Fission-_____
Remember that eukaryotes are cells with a membrane bound _____. That means that the process of cell
division needs to be more complex. Binary fission, occurring in prokaryotes is a simpler process.
Draw or describe the 4 steps of binary fission (make sure to paraphrase if you describe it)
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the 3 main similarities between mitosis and binary fission?
1.
2.
3.
Genetic diversity is very important in a species being able to adapt. There are ways that binary fission
can still end up with genetic diversity: (Describe each in 10 words or less)
Mutation-_____
Transduction-_____
Conjugation-_____
Transformation-_____
Sample Question
What is occurring during conjugation?
A. There is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.
B. A bridgelike connection is created between bacterial cells for genetic material to be
transferred.
C. A bacterial cell takes DNA fragments from a dead cell and incorporates them into their DNA
molecule.
D. There is a transfer of DNA from bacterium to another by a virus.
Assessment… complete the virtual lab activity for the Onion Root Tip Lab.
Lesson 3.02 Meiosis
Introduction to Meiosis
_____is an important result of sexual reproduction and meiosis.
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction- 1 organism as the parent; it passes on all of its genetic information. The only
variation results from _____
Occurs in simple cells or in all organisms for growth and _____.
Asexual reproduction is a benefit under what conditions? _____
The disadvantage is the lack of _____
In sexual reproduction, 2 parents create an offspring with a _____of genes.
Each parent gives 1 _____ (variation) of each trait.
Results in a greater _____ than asexual reproduction, which is an advantage for the survival of the
species and is a reason why you and your siblings are not all identical.
Type of Reproduction
# of parents
Genetic Diversity
Characteristics
Asexual Reproduction
_____
_____
_____
Sexual Reproduction
_____
_____
_____
Diploid and Haploid
Each species has a set number of chromosomes in its cells. Humans have _____chromosomes (2 sets of
_____That makes 46 the _____number. The cells contain 2 _____sets of chromosomes, 23 from the
_____and 23 from the _____
A _____is a cell used in sexual reproduction. (For humans it would be the egg or sperm and has
_____chromosomes.) Because they have only 23 chromosomes (instead of 46), they are considered
(diploid/haploid).
The process for making gametes, _____divides and reduced the number of chromosomes in half. That
means that meiosis makes _____sperm and egg cells.
Let’s review…
Meiosis makes the gametes, or sex cells, which each have _____chromosomes. Through the process of
_____the sperm and egg cells join together to form a zygote which has _____chromosomes. That
makes the gametes (haploid/diploid) and the zygote (haploid/diploid)
Haploid is always represented by the letter _____and so diploid is _____
If an organism has a haploid number of 22 (n=22) , it’s diploid (2n) number is _____
If an organism has a diploid number of 16 (2n=16), then it’s haploid number, or n_____
Sex Chromosomes
Two of the 46 chromosomes in the human genome are known as sex chromosomes because they _____
Female: _____
Male: _____
Which parent (mom or dad) determines the sex of the offspring? _____Why? _____
What is the difference in the size of the X and Y chromosomes? _____
The remaining 44 chromosomes are called _____
Meiosis
The processes of meiosis and fertilization are unique to sexual reproduction. All sexually reproducing
organisms follow a life cycle patter that _____between diploids and haploids.
Complete the following table. Make sure to keep your descriptions short and to the point.
Phase
Interphase I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis
Interphase II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis
Description
_____
Homologous chromosomes pair up and may
exchange portions of their DNA. This is called
crossing over.
_____
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated
Each newly forming nucleus has the haploid
number of chromosomes (although each
chromosome still has both chromatids to it)
_____
This stage does not always occur and cells will
usually just move straight into Prophase II
_____
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosome
(chromatid pair)
_____
New nuclei are forming. These cells are still
considered haploid
_____
Drawing
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
How many haploid daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis? _____
What are some differences between meiosis I and meiosis II? _____
Ova and Sperm
In females, meiosis produces 4 haploid nuclei, although the cytoplasm is divided unequally. One _____is
produced along with 2-3 polar bodies, which later break down. The one ovum is so large so that it is
sure to have enough materials to supply all the needed support to become an _____
Genetic Diversity
There are 3 main mechanisms responsible for genetic variation:
1.
2.
3.
What happens in prophase I that leads to genetic variation? _____Explain the process. _____
What happens in metaphase I that leads to genetic variation? _____
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Event
DNA Replication
_____
Number of divisions
_____
Total number of daughter cells
_____
Importance
_____
Be sure to watch the review video.
Mitosis
Meiosis
_____
_____
_____
_____
Assessment- Complete the 3.02 Meiosis Quiz in Assessments.
Sample Questions
What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Creates genetic diversity.
Occurs quickly.
Produces a small number of offspring.
Produces identical offspring.
Which of the following correctly describes the outcome of meiosis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Four haploid daughter cells that are genetically different.
Four diploid daughter cells that are genetically different.
Four haploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.
Four diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.
Lesson 3.03 Mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk born in 1822. He was in charge of the monastery gardens where
he conducted investigations that changed the field of biology forever.
Before Mendel, many scientists thought that the hereditary material contributed by parents _____in
their offspring. According to that hypothesis, if a blue parakeet and a yellow parakeet mated, their
offspring would be _____The actual results of a parakeet breeding don’t support that hypothesis,
though, so we know that is not the correct model.
Mendel’s Experiment
Mendel used _____to conduct his experiments because they reproduce sexually, have many contrasting
characteristics, _____produce a lot of offspring, and _____
A plant grown from a seed produced by self-pollination would inherit all of its traits from that single
parent. We call that offspring a _____because it is genetically identical to its parent. Mendel decided to
cross-breed different pea plants to see how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
Offspring of parents with different traits are called _____Each of the traits he studied had 2
characteristics.
Hybridization
In his experiment, Mendel cross-pollinated 2 plants with contrasting traits, which is called _____When
mating 2 organisms and looking at just one trait, it is called a _____.
Parents are called the parent generation (P). The first set of hybrid offspring are called the _____
Mendel then let the hybrid offspring self to produce a third generation, called _____generation.
Experimental Results
For each trait, the F1 had the characteristics of only one of its parents. That trait is known as the
_____trait. The recessive trait would appear in the _____generation.
The pattern was:
P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation
Dominant trait x recessive trait
100% dominant trait
75% _____
25% _____
(3:1)
Mendel’s Conclusions
The pattern above led to important conclusions about heredity and inheritance.
1. Different forms of a gene account for _____in the inherited traits
a. Each form of the gene has 2 basic variations
2. An organism inherits two genes for each trait, _____
a. Mendel had this idea even before we knew anything about DNA or genes!
3. Some alleles _____over others for a given trait.
a. The dominant trait is the one that shows up.
b. The principle of _____says that some alleles are dominant and some are recessive. If an
organism inherits one of each, then it will only show the _____version.
c. A recessive form can only be shown when _____
4. The two genes of a given trait segregate during gamete production.
a. The _____says that each gamete produced in meiosis gets only _____of the two genes for each
trait.
Patterns of Inheritance
Complete the self-check and watch the video on the Patterns of Inheritance
Sample Question
A trait that is expressed whenever it is present is known as being a ___ trait.
A.
B.
C.
D.
recessive
allele
dominant
hybrid
Complete the survey activity for this assignment. You’ll need to turn in the survey results, calculations, analysis
and conclusion. Contact your teacher if you have any questions.
Lesson 3.04 Heredity Patterns
Scientists use probability to predict the likelihood that an offspring will _____a specific trait or disease.
Probability: The probability scale ranges from _____to _____
Genetic vocabulary
Homozygous-_____
Heterozygous-_____
Phenotype-_____
Genotype-_____
Comparing Genotype and Phenotype
In the example shown, there are 3 genotypes but only _____phenotypes.
Genotypes: _____,_____,_____
Phenotypes: _____and _____
Punnett Squares: Punnett squares use mathematical probability to help predict the likelihood of _____
**Follow the tutorial for completing a Punnett Square**
Test Crosses
A test cross is done to determine if an organism showing a dominant trait is _____or _____
The unknown dominant organism is crossed with a _____and then the phenotypes of the offspring are
observed to determine if the unknown was homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
Monohybrid Practice
Practice and then check your answers.
1.
2.
T
T
t
t
T
t
T
t
3.
T
t
t
t
Independent Assortment
When there are 2 different traits, the cross is called a _____cross.
The principle of _____states that genes for different traits can separate independently from each other
during the formation of gametes.
**Go through the tutorial of a dihybrid cross
Dihybrid Practice
1. What are the possible combinations for a parent with XxYY? _____
2. Complete a dihybrid cross of BBSS and BbSs (I’ve started it for you below)
BS
BS
BS
BS
Extended Genetics
There are exceptions to the principles Mendel discovered. For example, most genes have more than 2
possible variations and some traits are controlled by _____
Briefly describe each term and give an example in the chart below. (I’ve started the chart for you)
Incomplete Dominance
Multiple Alleles
Codominance
Polygenic Traits
Brief Description
_____
When there are more than 2 variations (or
alleles) for a certain trait
_____
_____
Example
Red and white flower
producing a pink flower
_____
_____
_____
Sex Linked Traits
There are 2 variations of sex chromosomes (X and Y)
Genes that are carried by either sex chromosome are called _____
Men- _____Women- _____
Most sex linked traits are _____For sex-linked traits that are recessive, a female must have 2 copies of
that allele. Since a male has only one _____if he inherits that trait from his mother, he will exhibit
that trait.
Examples of sex linked traits in humans: _____
Pedigree
A pedigree is- _____
Males are represented by _____
Females are represented by _____
Oldest are found at the _____
An individual that has the trait, is shown by doing what? _____
Complete the self-check. Please call your teacher for help on this one if you need some extra review. 
Sample Questions
If blue eyes is dominant over brown eyes, how can two brown-eyed parents have a blue-eyed child?
A. Both parents were homozygous for brown eyes.
B. Both parents were heterozygous for brown eyes.
C. The mom was homozygous for brown eyes and the dad was heterozygous for brown eyes.
D. The mom was heterozygous for brown eyes and the dad was homozygous for brown eyes.
In a particular species brown fur is dominant over white fur. So how could an individual in the species
have tan fur?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The trait is following the heredity pattern of multiple alleles.
The trait is following the heredity pattern of codominance.
The trait is following the heredity pattern of incomplete dominance.
The trait is following the heredity pattern of polygenic inheritance.
**Go to Assessments and complete the worksheet for 3.04
Lesson 3.05 DNA Replication
Write a very brief summary (10 words or less) of what discovery occurred in each year
Year
1865
1903
1911
1928
1944
1949
1952
1953
2003
Discovery
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
Structure of DNA
A nucleotide is made up of:
1-_____
2-_____
3-_____
The 4 nitrogenous bases are:
A-_____ G-_____ C-_____ T-_____
Those 4 bases make up the code for every genetic combination
The bases stick out sideways forming the “_____”
Hydrogen bonding forms between the bases (if you remember from module 1, hydrogen bonds are not
very strong). That makes the DNA molecule easier to _____
Hydrogen bonds can only occur between certain bases.
A always pairs with _____
C always pairs with _____
DNA Replication
The base pairing allows DNA to be _____
Since each base on one strand can only make a hydrogen bond with one base on another strand, they
each give us the code for reconstructing the other strand.
The 2 strands, then, are called _____
Before cell division, remember that the cell has to go through DNA _____During replication, the DNA
molecule separates into 2 strands and then follows the rules of _____to build _____new
complementary strands.
The bases on the original strands _____the arrangement of _____in the new strands.
For example, if the original strand contains guanine, then _____is added opposite it in the newly
forming strand.
DNA replication involves several different _____Enzymes break the _____to separate the 2 strands of
the DNA molecule. Then, an enzyme called _____joins individual nucleotides together to form the new
_____strands of DNA. Lastly, the DNA polymerase _____each new strand to make sure that the copy is
correct.
**Complete the practice activity**
RNA and DNA
DNA serves as the master copy of an organisms genes, but _____copies sections of the DNA molecule
and carries the copies _____
The RNA has the instructions for making _____
BOTH DNA and RNA are _____made up of nucleotides, but there are 3 differences:
1-_____
2-_____
3-_____
Functions of RNA
Type of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
What it does
_____
_____
_____
Flow of Genetic Information
Genes are instructions for making _____, but they can’t make the proteins directly. The information has
to go from DNA -> _____-> protein.
There are 2 major steps in which this happens: (describe in 10 words or less)
Transcription-_____
Translation-_____
Transcription
Transcription is when a segment of DNA is used to produce a _____
This process uses an enzyme called _____which is similar to DNA polymerase. This transcription from
DNA to mRNA happens inside the _____
3 steps of transcription:
1.
2.
3.
Just like with DNA base pairing, each _____on the DNA has only one base it pairs with on the new
mRNA. The big difference in the pairing is that RNA has a base called _____U) instead of thymine. So
whenever the DNA strand has the base adenine (A), the complementary mRNA strand will have
_____Remember too that RNA is a _____strand, so it does not form a double helix like DNA.
**Complete the transcription practice in the lesson.
The Genetic Code
Transcription uses _____to build _____from a section of _____Translation then _____the sequence of
nitrogenous bases on the _____as instructions for assembling _____which together form proteins.
(**Just like an interpreter translates one language to another, the process of translation interprets
the code of RNA to into proteins!)
There are a total of _____different amino acids which are used to build _____. The order of amino acids
determines the _____and properties of the protein.
The genetic code is read _____bases at a time, where each set of 3 bases corresponds to a specific
_____Each set of 3 bases is called a _____
Since there are 4 different bases in RNA (A, U, C, and G), there are 64 possible codons. There are only 20
amino acids. That means that some amino acids can be made from more than one _____There are
also codons that signal where to _____and _____the making of the protein.
Methionine (_____) is a start codon which tells the cell where to start reading to make the protein.
Protein synthesis will continue until the _____codon is reached. At that point, the protein is complete.
**View the chart to see the codons and amino acids. You will never be asked to memorize these. The only one you
should know is the AUG (start) codon.** Watch the Simulating the Process of Transcription video.
Translation
(We just talked about the overview of translation in the previous section, but now we’ll go into the process of how it
happens a bit more specifically.)
Remember that transcription happens in the nucleus as it changes from DNA to mRNA. In translation,
the mRNA first has to leave the nucleus and go into the _____of the cell. The process of translation
actually occurs in the _____
The process of translation uses the genetic code on the mRNA strand to direct the construction (making)
of a _____
1. A _____attaches to an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm.
2. As each _____passes through the ribosome, _____molecules bring the matching _____into the
ribosome. Each tRNA has a set of 3 unpaired nitrogenous bases called an _____which matches up with
the codon coming through the ribosome. So one end of a tRNA has an anticodon and the other end
carries the _____which is how the code is translated.
3. The ribosome and the rRNA molecules it contains _____the amino acids together as they are being
translated. The protein chain will keep growing until the ribosome reaches the _____on the mRNA. At
that point, translation is done and the ribosome lets go.
**Watch the video on Translation and Protein Synthesis**
Sample Questions
During transcription what type of molecule is formed?
A. RNA
B. mRNA
C. tRNA
D. rRNA
A mutation occurs during protein synthesis. How will the protein produced be affected?
A. Since the mutation causes a new code for a better amino acid, the protein will still function
normally.
B. Since the mutation causes a new code for the same amino acid, the protein will still function
normally.
C. Since the mutation causes a new code for a better amino acid, the protein will be more
powerful while performing its function.
D. Since the mutation causes a new code for the same amino acid, the protein will be more
powerful while performing its function.
Review this lesson using the interactive on the last page of this lesson. Be sure to call me if you need some help…
this was a LOT of information!! 
Lesson 3.06 Mutations
Mutations
Mistakes sometimes occur when a cell is _____other times _____factors may damage or change the
DNA.
These changes in the genetic makeup of a cell are called _____
Some mutations can be _____to the organisms, others can be harmful, and some don’t cause any
noticeable change.
Mutations can be separated into 2 basic categories…
1.
2.
Chromosomal Mutations
Chromosomal mutations are changes in the _____or structure of chromosomes. There are 4 main
types.
Type of Mutation
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
Drawing or Brief Description
_____
_____
_____
_____
Gene Mutations
Gene mutations are also called _____because they are chemical changes in just one or a few _____that
occur at a single point within a gene. These types of mutations usually occur during _____ (before a cell
divides). That means that the mutation would be passed on from the original cell to the new one that
develops.
Type of Mutation
Base-Pair Substitutions
Base-Pair Insertions and
Deletions
Description
_____
_____
**Be sure to watch the video and then complete the self-check at this point.
Genetic Variation
Without mutations, organisms could not _____Inherited mutations are an important source of
_____within a species. Not all mutations can be inherited, however. If a mutation initially occurs in the
DNA of a body cell that is not involved in making sex cells (gametes), then the mutation cannot be
_____by the offspring. The mutations that can be inherited are called _____
If the mutation is recessive, it may not show up in the offspring. In that case, the offspring must
inherit the mutated gene from ____ to have the disease.
Gene Expression
Cells are able to control what genes are _____in response to internal and external conditions.
Specific DNA-building proteins interact with the _____and other proteins to determine what genes
should be copied in transcription and expressed in translation.
All body cells contain a full set of chromosomes, yet the specialized cells of various parts of the body
differ in terms of structure and function. This is because only the genes needed by that particular cell
will be _____ . (For example, _____that code for liver enzymes are present in every cell; however those
genes are only expressed in _____cells where they are needed.)
Helpful and Harmful Mutations
Just a reminder that some mutations can create changes that could mess up normal cell function, or
they may benefit the cell in some way. They can also be _____meaning that they would have little to no
effect.
Examples of Mutations
Mutation Example
Sickle Cell
Non-Disjunction
Cystic Fibrosis
Insects
Humans
Breeding
Brief Description/Example
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
Mutagens
Some mutations occur naturally, while others are caused by _____ (something interacts with DNA to
cause a mutation).
Physical mutagens could be: _____
Chemical mutagens: _____
Cancer
Cancer is a disorder in which the body cells lose their ability to _____As a result, the cells _____
uncontrollably. Cancer cells can form a mass of cells called a _____but not all tumors are cancerous.
Benign tumor-_____
Malignant tumor-_____
Cancers can be caused by mutations in the genes that regulate _____and _____in a cell. Possible
sources of mutations can be: _____
**Review the career connection and then watch the video on mutations**
Sample Question
Without mutations, there would not be ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
identical offspring.
increase in populations.
genetic diversity.
increase in DNA.
Lesson 3.07 Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineers are able to analyze and _____the genetic makeup of living cells. This is possible
because all living organisms share the same _____
First, scientists extract a DNA sequence containing the _____they want to insert into another cell.
_____cut the DNA at specific sequences living an overhang of single stranded DNA on the end. These
are called _____because they can _____with any DNA molecule that contains the _____base sequence
on it’s sticky end. If you use the same restriction enzyme to cut 2 DNA molecules, it will be easier to
form sticky ends that are _____These DNA sequences will covalently bond together with the help of
_____and enzyme that helps bring the DNA back together.
DNA that is formed artificially by combining DNA from different organisms is called _____This
method is used in genetic engineering to introduce a _____into an organism.
**Watch the video**
Transgenic Organisms
Organisms with traits produced by recombinant DNA are called _____Many applications of this
technology are used to improve the plants and animals for _____purposes.
**Read through the examples in the image and choose 1 to describe below.
Example-_____
Genetic engineering can be used in many ways to benefit humans directly or indirectly. There are a
number of ethical issues that arise as well.
Cloning
Cloning uses a single cell from an adult organism to grow an entirely new organism that is _____to the
original.
Nuclear transplant-_____
Cloning allows for the passing on of favorable traits from one generation to another while avoiding
passing on genetic disorders.
What is a reason why cloning may not be a good idea? _____
DNA Fingerprinting
The millions of base pairs in each person’s DNA gives us a _____ (with the exception of identical twins).
DNA fingerprinting compares the sequences of 2 different DNA samples.
Briefly summarize the 3 steps of DNA fingerprinting:
1.
2.
3.
What’s the difference between an actual fingerprint and a DNA fingerprint? _____
Biological Relationships
DNA fingerprinting can also be used to show the relationships between _____
Mitochondrial DNA is passed directly from _____to child. Two individuals with the same mitochondrial
DNA share a common maternal ancestor.
**Watch the video on DNA fingerprinting
Wildlife Conservation
Give an example of how DNA fingerprinting can help conserve wildlife. _____
Sample Question
A cow that is now able to produce meat with less fat compared to a traditional cow, would be an
example of _____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
cloning
DNA fingerprinting.
transgenic organisms.
genetic replication.
Lesson 3.08 Health and Genetics
Genetic Factors
The mixing of genes through _____is beneficial because it creates _____.
Some diseases are inherited. Others are caused by external factors.
Infectious Disease
Many diseases are caused by factors other than genetics. These factors that cause disease are called
_____
**Fill out the chart below… please just choose 1 or 2 characteristics… you do not need to copy the entire
chart.
Pathogen
Viruses
Bacteria
Protists
Fungus
Characteristic
_____
_____
_____
_____
Examples of Disease Caused
_____
_____
_____
_____
Preventing Infectious Diseases
Method of Transmission
Coughing/Sneezing
Body Fluids
Contamination
Example or Brief Description
_____
_____
_____
What are some things that can LOWER your risk of getting sick? _____
Substance Abuse
A _____is any substance that alters normal body function.
Drug Group
Alcohol
Depressant
Stimulant
Hallucinogen
Marijuana
Club Drugs
Inhalants
Steroids
Tobacco
Possible Effect
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
Sample Questions
You are noticing that many of your friends are not coming to school because of having a cold virus.
What would be the best thing for you to do to ensure you stay healthy?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Call your friends and find out what they have specifically.
Stay up late exercising in hopes to sweat out any virus you may have.
Wash your hands often and thoroughly.
Keep doing everything like normal.
Which drug group temporarily improves physical and mental performance?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hallucinogens
Stimulants
Steroids
Inhalants
Go to Assessments and complete the 3.08 Quiz.
**Speak with your teacher about the collaboration Option if you choose to do this one for the first semester
project.
**Contact your teacher for the DBA and Module Exam