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Transcript
Module 23 Notes Memory and Its Processes • Memory - an active system that receives information from the ___________, organizes and alters it as it ____________ it away, and then ________________ the information from storage. • Processes of Memory: – • Encoding - the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to ____________ that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems. Processes of Memory: (continued) – Storage - _______________ onto information for some period of time. – Retrieval - ______________ information that is in storage into a form that can be used. Models of Memory • Information-processing model - model of memory that assumes the ________________ of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of ________________stages. • Levels-of-processing model - model of memory that assumes information that is more “deeply processed,” or ________________ according to its ______________ rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a __________________ period of time. Sensory Memory • Sensory memory - the very ___________ stage of memory, the point at which information enters the __________________ system through the sensory systems. – • Iconic memory - _____________sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second. Sensory memory – (continued) – – Iconic memory – (continued) • Capacity - everything that can be seen at one ______________. • Duration - information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information, a process called ________________. Echoic memory - the brief memory of something a person has just _________________. • Capacity - limited to what can be heard at any one ____________ and is ___________ than the capacity of iconic memory. • Duration - lasts ______________ than iconic — about 2 to 4 seconds. Short Term Memory • Short-term memory (STM) - the memory system in which information is held for ___________ periods of time while being ____________. – Selective attention - the ability to focus on only ___________ stimulus from among all sensory input. • Working memory - an active system that ______________ the information in short-term memory. • Digit-span test - memory test in which a series of numbers is read to subjects in the experiment who are then asked to ________________ the numbers in order. – Conclusions are that the capacity of STM is about ________________ items or pieces of information, plus or minus __________ items, or from five to nine bits of information. • “magical number” = 7 • Maintenance rehearsal - _____________ of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in ________________ memory (STMs tend to be encoded in auditory form). • Duration of STM - lasts from about 12 to 30 seconds without _________________. • STM is susceptible to ___________________ (e.g., if counting is interrupted, have to start over). Long Term Memory • Long-term memory (LTM) - the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less _____________________. • Chunking - bits of information are combined into meaningful units, or chunks, so that ___________ information can be held in STM • Elaborative rehearsal - a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information ___________________ in some way. Types of LTM • Procedural (nondeclarative) memory - type of LTM including memory for ________, procedures, habits, and ________________ responses. These memories are not ______________ but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior. • Declarative memory - type of LTM containing information that is _________________ and known (memory for _____________). Procedural LTM • _____________ that people know how to do. • Also include emotional associations, _____________, and simple conditioned reflexes that may or may not be in conscious awareness. • Procedural memory often called implicit memory - memory that is ___________ easily brought into conscious awareness. Declarative LTM • All the things that people know. • Semantic memory - type of declarative memory containing general ____________________, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal ___________________. • Episodic memory - type of declarative memory containing _________________ information not readily available to others, such as daily ________________ and events. • Semantic and episodic memories are forms of _________________ memory - memory that is ______________________ known. Formation of LTM • Memory consists of several ________________ changes. – Changes in the number of receptor _____________. – Changes in the sensitivity of a _______________ through repeated stimulation (called long-term potentiation). – Changes in the __________________ and in the proteins within the neurons. • Consolidation - the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when an _____________ is formed. • Hippocampus - area of brain responsible for the formation of ________________________.