Download Module 23 Notes Memory and Its Processes Memory

Module 23 Notes
Memory and Its Processes
•
Memory - an active system that receives information from the ___________, organizes and
alters it as it ____________ it away, and then ________________ the information from storage.
•
Processes of Memory:
–
•
Encoding - the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to
____________ that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems.
Processes of Memory: (continued)
–
Storage - _______________ onto information for some period of time.
–
Retrieval - ______________ information that is in storage into a form that can be used.
Models of Memory
•
Information-processing model - model of memory that assumes the ________________ of
information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series
of ________________stages.
•
Levels-of-processing model - model of memory that assumes information that is more “deeply
processed,” or ________________ according to its ______________ rather than just the sound
or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a
__________________ period of time.
Sensory Memory
•
Sensory memory - the very ___________ stage of memory, the point at which information
enters the __________________ system through the sensory systems.
–
•
Iconic memory - _____________sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second.
Sensory memory – (continued)
–
–
Iconic memory – (continued)
•
Capacity - everything that can be seen at one ______________.
•
Duration - information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out
very quickly by new information, a process called ________________.
Echoic memory - the brief memory of something a person has just _________________.
•
Capacity - limited to what can be heard at any one ____________ and is
___________ than the capacity of iconic memory.
•
Duration - lasts ______________ than iconic — about 2 to 4 seconds.
Short Term Memory
•
Short-term memory (STM) - the memory system in which information is held for ___________
periods of time while being ____________.
–
Selective attention - the ability to focus on only ___________ stimulus from among all
sensory input.
•
Working memory - an active system that ______________ the information in short-term
memory.
•
Digit-span test - memory test in which a series of numbers is read to subjects in the experiment
who are then asked to ________________ the numbers in order.
–
Conclusions are that the capacity of STM is about ________________ items or pieces of
information, plus or minus __________ items, or from five to nine bits of information.
•
“magical number” = 7
•
Maintenance rehearsal - _____________ of saying some information to be remembered over
and over in one's head in order to maintain it in ________________ memory (STMs tend to be
encoded in auditory form).
•
Duration of STM - lasts from about 12 to 30 seconds without _________________.
•
STM is susceptible to ___________________ (e.g., if counting is interrupted, have to start over).
Long Term Memory
•
Long-term memory (LTM) - the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be
kept more or less _____________________.
•
Chunking - bits of information are combined into meaningful units, or chunks, so that
___________ information can be held in STM
•
Elaborative rehearsal - a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that
information ___________________ in some way.
Types of LTM
•
Procedural (nondeclarative) memory - type of LTM including memory for ________, procedures,
habits, and ________________ responses. These memories are not ______________ but are
implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior.
•
Declarative memory - type of LTM containing information that is _________________ and
known (memory for _____________).
Procedural LTM
•
_____________ that people know how to do.
•
Also include emotional associations, _____________, and simple conditioned reflexes that may
or may not be in conscious awareness.
•
Procedural memory often called implicit memory - memory that is ___________ easily brought
into conscious awareness.
Declarative LTM
•
All the things that people know.
•
Semantic memory - type of declarative memory containing general ____________________,
such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal ___________________.
•
Episodic memory - type of declarative memory containing _________________ information not
readily available to others, such as daily ________________ and events.
•
Semantic and episodic memories are forms of _________________ memory - memory that is
______________________ known.
Formation of LTM
•
Memory consists of several ________________ changes.
–
Changes in the number of receptor _____________.
–
Changes in the sensitivity of a _______________ through repeated stimulation (called
long-term potentiation).
–
Changes in the __________________ and in the proteins within the neurons.
•
Consolidation - the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when an
_____________ is formed.
•
Hippocampus - area of brain responsible for the formation of ________________________.