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IB BIOLOGY GENE REGULATION I. In prokaryotes A. occurs in response to the environment II. In eukaryotes A. occurs in response to the environment and for cell specialization B. when does regulation occur? 1. transcription-which genes get transcribed and when? 2. mRNA processing-addition of a 5’ cap, 3’ poly-A tail and removal of introns a. RNA will not be transported out of the nucleus if it is not processed; therefore, it will not be translated b. exon shuffling-the exons in a single gene can be spliced/combined in various ways and thus produce different protein products i. in mammals the calcitonin gene produces a hormone in one type of cell and a neurotransmitter in another type of cell ii. in Drosophila, a specific RNA called the sex-lethal RNA can be spliced to produce an mRNA that produces a functional polypeptide or one with a stop codon early on that translates into a short, non-functional polypeptide Figure 1. Example of exon shuffling. http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~rwinning/genetics/eureg2.htm In cell 1, exons 1, 2, and 4 would be used in the mRNA: In cell 2 on the other hand, exons 1, 3, and 4 would be used: 3. mRNa lifetime a 4. translation III. Feb. 9, 2011: http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3113 Scientists Discover Gene Regulation Mechanism Unique to Primates A. involves Alu elements (repetitive DNA elements that spread throughout the genome as primates evolved) B. Alu elements regulate protein productions along with long non-coding RNA’s (lncRNAs) 1. together, they regulate mRNA’s and prevent too much protein production 2. trigger a process called Staufen 1-mediated mRNA decay a. SMD destroys mRNA’s after a certain amount of protein has been produced i. prevent too much of any particular protein a. too much protein could disrupt the cell and cause disease 3. the lncRNA’s and Alu elements cause a protein called Staufen-1 to bind to mRNA’s 4. once the mRNA’s have been translated, Staufen-1 works with another protein called UPF1 to initiate the degradation/decay of the mRNA References: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Promoter.html http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~rwinning/genetics/eureg.htm http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~rwinning/genetics/develop.htm http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3113 http://morrislab.med.utoronto.ca/papers/BlencowePacSympBioc09.pdf http://www.gene-quantification.com/nature-reviews-microrna-2.pdf 7. http://www.science20.com/curious_cub/gene_regulation_and_difference_between_huma n_beings_and_chimpanzees-83981 8. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/226741.php 9. http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-08-periods-gene-evolution-vertebrate-animals.html 10.http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/obesity-epigenetics-and-gene-regulation-927 11.Bacterial gene regulation: http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/geneticreg.htm 12.Bacterial gene regulation: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/L/LacOperon.html 13. A graphic to visualize gene expression: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/biolink/j_explorations/ch16expl.htm 14.