Download Competency Goal # 3: DNA, Protein Synthesis, Genetics

Competency Goal # 3: DNA, Protein Synthesis, Genetics, Biotechnology and Evolution
1.
DNA is ________________________. It contains the information on how to make ___________________________.
2.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) forms a _______________________________________________________________.
3.
DNA consists of a _____________________, __________________________, ______________________________.
4.
DNA Bases are: _____________________, ___________________, ____________________, __________________.
5.
A nucleotide is made up of a _______________________________________________________________________.
6.
Hydrogen Bonds: ___________________________ attach the two strands of the _____________________ molecule.
7. Every three nitrogen bases is the code for _____________________. An error in a nitrogen base is called a _________________.
8.
Ribonucleic Acid is a) ___________________________________
b) RNA contains the bases______________________________ instead of ________________________________.
c) RNA contains the sugar ______________________________ instead of ________________________________.
d) There are three types of RNA: _________________ RNA, ________________, RNA, & ______________ RNA.
9. There are two steps in Protein Synthesis
a) __________________________________________________________________________________________.
b) __________________________________________________________________________________________.
10. All cells of an organism have the same ________. What type of cell develops depends on which _________ get turned on and off.
11. Cells respond to their environment by producing different ____________________ and ___________________of protein.
Examples: 1. You get cut and your skin cells need to make proteins to repair your skin.
2. Cancer may result when your cells make too many cells (protein).
3. Diabetes may result if your pancreatic cells don’t make enough insulin (protein).
12. 2 Types of cell division include:
a)
Mitosis: ________________________________________________________________________________.
b)
Meiosis: ________________________________________________________________________________.
Examples of asexual reproduction:
a)______________________________b) _________________________________c) ________________________________
13. Mitosis occurs in all ___________________________. Results in 2 new genetically identical _____________________.
Maintains ___________________________ number. Remember: Double  ______________________ Example: ______________
14. Meiosis occurs in _________ ___________. Results in ____________ gametes(sex cells). Reduces chromosome #
_________________. Remember: Double _________  ___________ Ex.___________________________________
15. Sources of variation include:
a)___________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________________
c) __________________________________________ d) ____________________________________________________
16. Gregor Mendel is known as the __________________________. Mendel worked as a __________________________.
Mendel noticed __________________________________________________________________________.
Mendel crossed __________________________________________________________________________.
Genetic Vocabulary
17. ___________________________ - allele which masks the phenotype of other alleles.
18. ___________________________ - allele that will not be expressed if dominant allele is present
19. ___________________________ - (hybrid) – the genes in the gene pair are different.
20. ___________________________ - (pure) – the genes are the same.
21. ___________________________ - The actual genes of an organism.
22. ___________________________ - What an organism actually looks like.
23. The first cross is called the ____________________________ generation. The second cross is called the ________ generation.
The third cross is called the __________ generation.
24. The Law of __________________ - during meiosis, the gene pair splits and each gamete only has one member of each pair of
genes.
25. The Law of _______________________________ - during meiosis, the genes in each gene pair move into the gametes
independently of each other.
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26. _________________________________ The blending of two traits.
27. ___________________________ - alleles result in the expression of both traits.
28. __________________________ - Tools used by scientists to trace inherited genes through a family tree
29. ___________________________ - Traits which are coded for by more than one allele. Examples include: __________________,
______________________________________, ___________________________________
30.Human Genetics: examples of single gene autosomal inheritance patterns:
Cystic Fibrosis: _______________________________________________________________________________.
Huntington’s disease: __________________________________________________________________________.
Sickle Cell Anemia ____________________________________________________________________________.
31. Blood: AB are _________________________ O is ________________________
32. ______________________________ - Trait is more likely to be inherited by males. Gene for these traits are found on the
________ chromosome, but not the _____________ because it is so short.
33. Examples of Sex Linked Traits: ________________________________ and _______________________________________
34. A chart of chromosomes in order is a _____________________________________________
35. The Human Genome Project is: __________________________________________________________________________.
36. __________________________________ - Inserting corrected gene into person who has a defective gene.
37.__________________________________ - also called DNA fingerprinting and is used in crime scene investigation. DNA
fragments separate according to __________________.
38. Transgenic Organisms: _________________________, _________________________, ___________________________.
Example of Transgenic Organism: ______________________________________________________________________.
Evolution
39. Biogenesis: __________________________________________________________________________________________.
40. Abiogenesis: _____________________________________________________________EX:____________________________.
41. _______________________________ developed the Theory of Natural Selection.
42. Early Earth – Experiments helped to prove that the first organisms on earth were ___________________________,
_________________________________ and ________________________________
43. Evolution of aerobic and photosynthetic organisms
a) First life was prokaryotic ______________________________________ heterotrophs.
b) Prokaryotic autotrophs  ____________________________ and changed ancient atmosphere.
c) Eventually enough oxygen was present in the atmosphere to promote the evolution of ___________________organisms.
44. Evidence for Evolution: _________________________, ____________________________, _________________________.
45. Patterns in the fossil record:
a) The most primitive organisms are _______________________ b) The most advanced organisms ________________________
46. Two ways to date fossils are : ________________________________ dating and __________________________ dating.
47. Mechanisms of Evolution : _______________________________ , _____________________________ and
_______________________
48. Variation: provides __________________________________ for natural selection.
49. _____________________________________________: squirrels in the Grand Canyon, Galapagos Finches, Australia’s
marsupials
50. Environment provides selection pressures: ex: resistance of ____________ to pesticides
Resistance of _______________ to _____________________