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MODULE 7: REGULATION DEVELOPMENT OF GENE EXPRESSION DURING Formation of a syncytial blastoderm is observed during the development of _____________. A nematode that is widely used as a model for studying vertebrate development is _________. What is a morphogen? Give an example Discuss: a) maternal effect genes b) Gap genes c) pair-rule genes What are homeotic genes? Explain with an example In a mutant Drosophila, legs were growing out of its head. Which of the following gene clusters is likely to be affected? a). Bicoid b). Hunchback c). Bithorax d). Antennapedia Name the group of genes, identified by Nusslein-Volhard and Caroll that is responsible for the final stages of segmentation in Drosophila embryos Discuss the importance of DNA methylation during early vertebrate development Discuss the importance of Wnt signaling during mammalian development Comment on: Hedgehog and the role of retinoid acid in mammalian development What are embryonic stem cells? Where are they present in a mammalian embryo? How can we culture them in vitro without loss of their totipotency? It is now possible to induce differentiated cells to become pluripotent stem cells by the introduction of a few genes. Who demonstrated this phenomenon first? What are the products of these genes? What are the limitations of this technology? How are embryonic stem cells different from induced pluripotent stem cells? Describe the sequence of events by which the position of limbs along the antero-posterior axis of vertebrates is specified? What is zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)? What is the result of grafting of a second polarizing region into the anterior region of a vertebrate limb bud? Name the transcription factors involved in muscle differentiation during vertebrate development.