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Seventh Grade Second Quarter EQT Study Guide: 2012-2013 1. Today, why can bacteria resist antibiotics? Genetic variation allowed some to survive. 2. **What happens before mitosis begins? The cell grows and copies its DNA. 3. Why are chromosomes even numbers? So that they may divide in half because one comes from mom and one from dad. 4. A change in ocean current causes the climate on an island to become drier. As a result, the grasses that cover the island change from dark green to light brown. Over time, how might a species of green toads that hide in the grasses and are subjected to predation respond to these changes? Their coloration will change to brown. 5. **When effective insecticide is used on a population of insects, most of the insects are killed. However, a few may survive due to genes that make the resistant to the insecticide. What is the BEST explanation of why this occurs? Insects that survived sprayings passed their resistant genes to their offspring. 6. Snowshoe hares experience a change in fur color from brown in the summer to white in the winter. Which statement best describes how the appearance of a particular snowshoe hare may change after it lives in a warm climate year-round, for many generations? It would have brown fur all year long. 7. Less than ten thousand years ago, environmental changes separated some individuals of a squirrel population to one side of the Grand Canyon. Today, these squirrels now show a white tail and black belly. Their ancestors exhibited gray tails and white bellies. This difference in fur coloring most likely Is evidence of speciation due to geographical isolation. 1 2 3 4 8. Which student correctly identified the number of chromosomes in each organism? Gypsies Moth Guinea Pig Haploid Diploid Haploid Diploid 40 20 25 50 10 40 50 40 20 40 25 50 20 40 40 50 Student 3 9. **The sperm cells (gametes) of a squirrel have 20 chromosomes. How many are found in a body cell of the same animal? 40 Chromosomes 10. How would a gene be described? As the coded instructions for a specific trait on a portion of the DNA 11 What is the function of the cell part labeled X? It contains the genetic instructions to control cell processes. 12. Which student has identified correct functions of a chromosome? Student 3 13. How will an organism be affected if part of its chromosome is missing? (A picture with a missing piece will be used) The organism will lack the necessary information to control cell processed. Genes are missing. 14. If a scientist is trying to decide if a molecule is RNA or DNA, for what should he test? Thymine 15. The order of bases along a gene determines the order in which Amino acids are put together to form a protein. 16. **What is the function of RNA? Copy the coded message from the DNA and carry it into the cytoplasm. 17. What nucleic acids are present in both DNA and RNA? Guanine and Adenine 18. DNA molecule is being changed (transcribed) into a RNA molecule. The next base to be transcribed on the DNA sequence is adenine. Which base will be the complement in the RNA molecule? Uracil 19. Which strand must be DNA, and not RNA? 20 21 A science student was asked to construct models of DNA and RNA sections. Which section is correctly constructed and should be placed into a DNA strand? 22. **When does a mutation occur? When there is a change in the order of the bases in an organism’s DNA (insertion, deletion, and substitution) 23 A pea plant has alleles for green and yellow seed colors. According to Mendel’s law of segregation of characteristics, what must a gamete of the plant carry? Only one allele 24. A pea plant has white flowers and yellow seeds. What does Mendel’s law of independent assortment say about these traits? Inheritance of one trait does not affect the other. 25. In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype. This is an example of which of Mendel’s laws? Law of Dominance 26. **In a plant, tall (D) is the dominant allele. Short (d) is the recessive allele. Which GENOTYPE would a short offspring have? dd 27. Be able to interpret a pedigree chart: a. males= squares b. females= circles c. carrier= half colored in squares or circles d.has the trait= fully colored in squares or circles e. generations= each horizontal row 28. Using the punnett square below, what percent of the offspring from the cross will have white leaves? W w w w W=white leaves (dominant trait) w=gray leaves (recessive trait) 50% 29. If a male dog is homozygous dominate (GG) and it mates with a homozygous recessive female (gg), what will the results of the offspring be? l will be a heterozygous (Gg) 30 What occurs in the phases of mitosis? Be able to pick out picture of phases also. “P.M.A.T.” a. Prophase= chromosomes are copied b. Metaphase= Chromosomes line up in the middle c. Anaphase= Chromosomes pull apart d. Telophase= Nuclear membrane separate 31. Using the punnett square below, which phenotype has a 1:4, ¼, or 25% chance of being produced? R=dominant / red a. red c. red and white R= recessive / white b. white d. pink R r R r RR Rr Rr rr white 32. Alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes and offspring independently of one another. What law does this represent? Law of Independent Assortment 33. A pure dominant plant is crossed with a pure recessive plant. The first generations of offspring are mixed plants. What law of heredity does this represent? Law of Dominance 34. **You have a group of “tufted squirrels” that are new to an area. These squirrels are surviving more than any other squirrels in the area. Why is this? Natural selection- stronger traits are passed on and allow for the “survival of the fittest” 35. The managers of the Mobile Municipal Park have been fighting kudzu in our area. They are trying to remove all evidence of it by killing the plants that are here. The kudzu is hurting the area and pushing out local species. What type of species are these plants? Invasive Species 36. **What are the beginning and end products of mitosis (body cells)? Beginning= Prior to mitosis, the cell’s genetic material and organelles are copied, so that copies ach chromosome. End= 1 cell with 2 identical nuclei are produced. Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical body cells. there are two 37. What is the correct order of the cell cycle (three parts)? Know it by pictures also. The cell cycle consists of three stages: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis 38. What are the beginning and end products of meiosis (sex cells)? One diploid cell produces four haploid cells The cells are genetically reduced by half and there are four genetically different cells produced 39. A river caused one population of squirrels become separated into two populations. Members of these two populations were later brought together but were not able to breed. What is this an example of? Speciation due to changing landforms 40. The arctic fox goes through two color phases. During the winter, the fox is white. During the summer, it is a brown and grey mix. What is being described? Species variation due to climate 41. How can beaver, that build dams, help the environment? By flooding an area and making a pond for fish to swim in. 42. Animals that are not to live in an area but do are called what? Invasive species 43. **What is the process where animals that are able to survive and reproduce in an area is called what? Natural Selection 44. **If an animal changes to better fit its environment, it is called what? Adaptation 45. **Natural selection helps to lead to a new species how? Good changes get passed on in living members 46. How does DNA make RNA? DNA-transcribes (changes) into RNA-then into amino acids & proteins. 47. What is the genotype for each parent from the given information? TT Tt tT tt Tt and Tt 48. If only one parent has a trait, then it shows up in later generations, is the trait a dominant trait or recessive? Recessive- only way to show is to get tow recessive traits together 49. **What are the two ways that proteins are made? a. transcription= mRNA is made from DNA and takes it out to the ribosomes b. translation= ribosomes make the proteins using the mRNA plan (transcript) 50. **Given this example, list the combinations. BbFf BF, Bf, fB, and fb Remember to take the first letter and combine it with both of the second paired letters. Then take the second letter and combine it with both of the second pared letter 51. **Given this example: BbFf (B-blue b= pink F=fluff f= tuff). What is the phenotype? Blue and fluff 52. **Be able to read a dihybrid cross. (crossing two alleles)!! B=blue b=pink F=flair f=tuff Pick any box and give the phenotype for it. 53. **Given the dihybrid cross, what are all cross offspring (Genotype and Phenotype) B=blue b=pink F=fluff f=tuff BF BF BF BF bf bf bf bf genotype= BbFf phenotype=100% = heterozygous, blue, fluffed 54. STEM What describes a scientific investigation but not an engineering investigation? It explores the natural world and the universe. 55. STEM What expression explains what a scientist does but what an engineer does not do? They do scientific investigations. .