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Processed on: 09-Dec-2013 8:31 PM CST
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PSY 490 WK 1 IND By Donna Lewis
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Running head: THE DIVERSE NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGY The Diverse
Nature of Psychology
Donna Lewis University of Phoenix The Diverse
Nature of Psychology Psychology is a type of science concerned with human
and nonhuman behavior, cognition, emotion, and motivation (Spector, 2008).
As a discipline, psychology includes obvious traces of different sciences while
upholding an involvement of origin in scientific knowledge regarding human
and nonhuman behavior. In this paper, the influence of diversity on
psychology’s major concepts will be evaluated and two sub-disciplines will be
identified along with two examples of subtopics. In addition, this paper will
evaluate the way in which the identified sub-disciplines and subtopics can be
applied to other disciplines as well as venues in contemporary society, the way
in which the chosen sub-disciplines and subtopics relate to the author’s
theoretical perspective, and the author’s psychological contribution to society
regarding the areas of work, education, health, and leisure. The Diverse Nature
of Psychology as a Discipline Compared to other sciences psychology is fairly
new, approximately 125 years old consequently tying the history of
psychology with modern psychology (Ciccarelli & White, 2009). Psychology
as a discipline has two distinct features that differ from other disciplines. First,
psychology uses scientific tools to evaluate and study human and nonhuman
behavior. Second, psychology uses scientifically based applications based on
conducted studies. Moreover, the central defining characteristic of psychology
consists of possessing a data-based scientific study on behavior. The diverse
nature of psychology is clear and present in the 54 divisions, each
concentrating on a different perspective and aspect of human interaction, of
the American Psychological Association (APA), a diversity not seen in other
sciences (Plante, 2011; Shiraev & Levy, 2010; Stanovich, 2010). The diversity
within psychology influences major concepts as well as contributes to different
perspectives of behavior. The Influence of Diversity on Psychology’s
Major Concepts Diversity uses an active impact on the major concepts of
psychology.
Much like in the past, today there is not a perspective that
explains all aspects of human behavior or mental processes. Today, there are
seven perspectives that include psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic,
cognitive, sociocultural, biopsychological, and evolutionary. Each perspective
symbolizes a diverse assessment of human behavior as well as a unique
explanation regarding psychological problems. Furthermore, each of the major
concepts in psychology underlines various aspects of behavior. The
major
psychological concepts combined with the various perspectives define and
explain behavior based on the theories involved in each perspective. Diversity
in psychology lets psychologists obtain a broad range of speculation because
behavior cannot be justifiably limited to one explanation. Furthermore,
diversity allows the major concepts in psychology to be available to different
cultural backgrounds. Sub disciplines Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology
is
a multifaceted field that corresponds to the difficulties of human
behavior and emotion. Clinical psychology is a unique function of psychology
in the area of behavioral and emotional issues (Plante, 2011). Clinical
psychology can be defined as the incorporation of science, theory, and practice
as a way to comprehend, calculate, and improve maladjustment,
disability,
and uneasiness along with to encourage human adaptation and personal
development (Belar, 2008). Clinical psychology attempts to comprehend the
associations between biological, psychological, and social factors that make
individuals function. Moreover, clinical
psychology concentrates on
assessing, treating, and comprehending psychological as well as
behavioral
issues and disorders in addition to the interaction among the
human psyche and the physical, emotional, and social characteristics of health
and dysfunction (Plante,
2011). Psychopathology and abnormal behavior
Psychopathology involves characterizing, occurrence, and treatment of
disorders (Kring, Davison, Neale, & Johnson, 2007). Individuals who study
psychopathology seek answers for the reasons behind why individuals behave,
think, or feel in ways considered abnormal. To define abnormal behavior, one
must consider the three critical reasons in which the context
the behavior
occurs in. First, to identify whether or not behave is abnormal one must
comprehend the context surrounding the behavior (Hansell & Damour, 2008).
Second, identifying the context assists in comprehending and explaining the
behavior (Hansell &Damour, 2008). Finally, the demographic context in
which the behavior occurs influences the behavior (Hansell & Damour, 2008).
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Industrial-organizational (I/O)
psychology involves two combined subfields of psychology. The industrial
psychology part is
the original, older part that consists of a management
perspective on organizational efficiency
by means of human resources
(Spector, 2008). The industrial side of I/O involves job design, employee
selection, and training as well as performance appraisal. The
organizational side concentrates on the employees as individuals such as
understanding employee behavior as well as the well-being of the employees
(Spector, 2008). I/O psychology is an evidence-based field and relates to the
growth and use of scientific principles within workplaces. I/O psychologists
conduct job analysis, employee surveys, design performance appraisals, design
systems
for selecting employees, and design training programs (Spector,
2008). Workplace diversity and employee motivation Workforce diversity
involves the existence of human characteristics that
combine differentiate
each individual. Work diversity consists of differences in demographics of
individuals of a workforce, for example, gender, race, ethnicity, and age
(Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2004;
Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn,
2008). When a workforce becomes more diverse, providing ways in which the
diversity is managed becomes more important because there is
an
increased probability of stereotyping and discrimination. Employee motivation
refers to the ways in which an employee’s individual’s intensity, direction, and
persistence are used as a way to achieve a goal (Robbins & Judge, 2009).
Disciplines of Psychology and Contemporary Society The theories involved in
psychology can be applied to different disciplines. Psychology is a discipline
that can be applied in other areas because psychology interconnects the areas
of science, behavior, and mental processes as well as in other areas. Clinical
psychology uses evidence-based approaches as a way to comprehend and
explain issues associated with human behavior. Clinical psychology involves
the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral
areas of human functioning throughout an
individual’s life span resulting
in frequent interactions with other health care professionals to
diagnose
and treat disorders (Morgan & Cohen, 2008; Belar, 2008). I/O psychology is a
field that uses the same concepts, ideas, techniques, and theories used in other
disciplines (Spector, 2008). For example, the historical basis of I/O derives
from experimental psychology. I/O also is influenced by other disciplines such
as industrial engineering, management, social psychology, philosophy,
business ethics, anthropology, and sociology
(Spector, 2008; van Vuuren,
2010). Theoretical Perspective In the process of learning the different
theoretical perspectives in psychology, the author does not identify with one
particular perspective because the author does not believe that one particular
perspective explains human behavior. The psychodynamic perspective argues
intrapsychic drives, motives, conflicts, and impulses influence human
behavior; ego defense mechanisms are used as a way to deal with unresolved
conflicts, needs, wishes, or fantasies contributing in behavior; early
experiences
are critical in psychological development and behavior;
acknowledging and working through unconscious influences assist in
improving psychological functioning and behavior; and transferential
relationship assists in solving conflicts, improving psychological functioning,
and behavior (Plante, 2011). The cognitive-behavioral perspective involves
overt and covert behaviors obtained through learning and conditioning within
social environment. The cognitive-behavioral perspective includes operant
conditioning, classical conditioning, social learning, and acknowledgement of
theories to assist as well as treat disorders (Plante, 2011). I/O psychologists
use cognitive-behavioral perspectives when dealing with workplace
performance and employee motivation. The humanistic perspective focuses on
individual perception and experience. I/O psychologists use the humanistic
perspective when dealing with employee testing, workplace diversity,
workplace performance, and employee motivation. When the clinical
psychologist uses a humanistic approach, he or she helps patients by
understanding the concerns, feelings, and the abnormal behavior through the
patient (Plante, 2011). Finally, the family system perspective focuses on
improved communication with families instead of just the patient experiencing
the abnormal behavior. Psychological Contribution to Society At this point,
the author has little psychological contributions to society. However, the
author has used the knowledge she has gained throughout her education to
identify specific psychological contributions from others. For instance, the
author can identify that when filling out a job application or doing a job
interview, she was involved in a process created by I/O psychologists. The
author has also been able to use the processes a therapist or counselor uses
when treating abnormal behavior to listen and communicate with friends and
family. Conclusion Essentially, psychology is the scientific study of behavior
and mental
processes. Psychology
is divided into several subfields
with each subfield focusing on a specific area of psychological functioning.
Two subfields of psychology include clinical psychology and
industrial/organizational psychology. Without diversity, psychologists would
be limited in knowledge that is considered universal as well as limiting
particular behavioral factors that influence human functioning. References
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N. (2009). Psychology (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Hansell, J.
& Damour, L. (2008). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons Inc. Kring, A. M., Davison, G. C., Neale, J. M., & Johnson, S.
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psychology: Can differences be gleaned from printed recruiting materials?
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psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Robbins, S. P. &
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Organizational behavior (10th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Shiraev, E. B. & Levy, D. A. (2010). Cross-cultural psychology: critical
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of Industrial Psychology, 36(2), 1-16. doi: 10.4102/sajip.v36i2.939 1 THE
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