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Gene Expression & Technology Vocabulary 1. Ribonucleic acid: the working instructions of the genes 2. Uracil: one of the four nitrogen bases for RNA that pairs up with adenine; it replaces the bases thymine 3. Gene expression: the process of information from DNA to proteins 4. Transcription: the information in DNA is transferred to mRNA 5. Translation: the information in mRNA is used to make a protein 6. RNA polymerase: an enzyme that begins transcription 7. Promoter: a specific sequence of DNA that acts as a “start” signal for transcription 8. Terminator: a sequence of bases that tells the RNA polymerase to stop adding nucleotides 9. Messenger RNA: carries hereditary information from DNA and delivers it to the site of translation 10. Transfer RNA: acts as an interpreter molecule, translating mRNA sequences into amino acid sequences 11. Ribosomal RNA: help build proteins; they function at the sites of translation 12. Codons: the instructions for building a protein that are written as a series of 3nucleotide sequences 13. Genetic code: the amino acids and stop signals that are coded for by each of the possible mRNA codons 14. Anticodon: the 3-nucleotide sequence that is complimentary to the one of the 64 codons of the genetic code 15. A site: holds a tRNA molecule that is carrying its specific amino acid 16. P site: holds a tRNA molecule that is carrying its specific amino acid attached to the growing protein chain 17. Mutagens: mutations that are induced by exposure to environmental agents 18. Carcinogens: cancer-causing agents 19. Cancer: a disease characterized by abnormal cell growth 20. Tumor: the cancerous cells that proliferates, forming a mass of cells 21. Oncogene: a gene, that when mutated, can cause a cell to be cancerous 22. Genetic engineering: the process used to isolate a gene from the DNA of one organism and transfer the gene into the DNA of another 23. Recombinant DNA: a molecule made from pieces of DNA from separate organisms 24. Cloning: creating genetically identical cells from a single cell 25. Gel electrophoresis: a technique that uses an electrical field within a gel to separate molecules in a mixture 26. Human Genome Project: a research effort to identify and locate the entire collection of genes in a human cell Gene Expression & Technology Vocabulary Chapter 11 pages: 294-307 1. Ribonucleic acid 2. Uracil 3. Gene expression 4. Transcription 5. Translation 6. RNA polymerase 7. Promoter 8. Terminator 9. Messenger RNA 10. Transfer RNA 11. Ribosomal RNA 12. Codons 13. Genetic code 14. Anticodon 15. A site 16. P site 17. Mutagens 18. Carcinogens 19. Cancer 20. Tumor 21. Oncogene 22. Genetic engineering 23. Recombinant DNA 24. Cloning 25. Gel electrophoresis 26. Human Genome Project