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Transcript
4 Prokaryotes 1. Which cells have a plasma membrane? 2. What types of substances does the plasma membrane allow to enter and exit? 3. What are the functions of the plasma membrane? 4. How do substances enter and exit the plasma membrane by using a concentration gradient? 5. Does it require energy ? 6. What would happen if a substance ruptured the plasma membrane? 7. What types of substances would rupture the plasma membrane? 8. Is the plasma membrane impermeable, semipermeable, or omnipermeable? 9. What type of solution is salty water? 10. Will the concentration of salt outside the cell be higher or lower than the concentration inside the cell in hypertonic solution? 11. What type of solution is pure water? 12. Will the concentration of salt outside the cell be higher or lower than the concentration inside the cell in a hypotonic solution? 13. Which way will water diffuse if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? 14. Which way will water diffuse if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution? 15. What type of solution has the same amount of salt inside the cell and outside the cell? 16. What is osmosis? 17. What is osmotic pressure? All cells, Prokaryote and Eukaryote It allows low molecular weight (small sized) substances (such as water) to get in and out depending on their concentration within the cell and outside of it. - It holds the organelles inside of the cell - Allows some substances to come and go (oxygen and water molecules), but does not allow other things to get inside or leave. - It regulates the flow of nutrients in the cell. This is called diffusion, and does not require the cell to expend any energy. Any substance that can rupture the plasma membrane will kill the whole organism Alcohol, soaps, and other detergents easily rupture the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is semipermeable Hypertonic solution Hypertonic solution will have higher concentration of salt outside the cell Hypotonic solution Hypotonic solution will have higher concentration of salt inside the cell Water will diffuse into the cell and make it pop Water will diffuse out of the cell and make it shrink Isotonic solution Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane. 1 4 Prokaryotes 18. What is the phospholipid bilayer in a plasma Two layers of a compound consisting of phosphates and membrane? lipids (fats). The outer and inner sides of the membrane are water soluble, and the area between is not water soluble. 19. What gives the plasma membrane the phospholipid bilayer semipermeability, which allows it to take in certain substances and keep out other substances? 20. What are lipoproteins and what is their Lipoproteins are made up of fat and proteins and are purpose in the cell membrane? found in the plasma cell membrane. They are special proteins that can transport larger molecules like sugars into the cell. 21. When lipoproteins transport molecules, Active transport because it requires some energy in the what kind of transport is this called? form of ATP. 22. Gram negative organisms have what type of They have an inner and outer plasma membrane cell membrane? separated by a cell wall. The cell wall is thin, and made of peptidoglycan. 23. Gram positive organisms have what type of They have only one plasma membrane inside of its cell cell membrane? wall. The cell wall is thick, and made of peptidoglycan. 24. What is the difference between gram negative and gram positive organisms? GRAM NEGATIVE GRAM POSITIVE Plasma membrane Cell Wall Outer plasma membrane 25. In a gram-negative organism what does the outer plasma membrane contain? And what is it made of? 26. What are O antigens? 27. What are K antigens? 28. What are H Antigens? 29. What is the endotoxin in the LPS called? Lipopolysachharide (LPS) which is made of lipids (fats) and many sugars (polysachharides). The string portion of LPS in Gram negative bacteria. The capsule of bacteria which have capsules The flagella of bacteria which have flagella Lipid A. 2 4 Prokaryotes GRAM NEGATIVE O Antigen Inner plasma membrane LPS Cell Wall Lipid A (endotoxin) Outer plasma membrane LPS 30. What has a more complex cell wall bacteria or humans? 31. What keeps an organism from exploding from osmotic shock? 32. What can only be found in bacteria? 33. What are the only two bacteria that do not have a normal cell wall? 34. Is Mycobacteria Gram negative or positive? 35. What does a peptidoglycan consist of and what are they linked by? 36. How are the sugars arranged? More complex in Prokaryotes (bacteria) than in Eukaryotes (humans). The rigidity of the cell wall keeps the organism from exploding from osmotic shock. Humans do not have cell walls. Peptidoglycan is only found in bacteria. Mycobacteria (causes TB or leprosy, depending on the species) has a cell wall that is 60% waxy. Mycoplasma has no cell wall; it can cause pneumonia. It is neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. It is called “Acid-fast” because it takes an acidic stain to color it. Consists of a chain of two types of sugars (NAM and NAG) linked by proteins. 37. What is peptidoglycan also known as? 38. What is a bacterial cell wall made up of? The sugars are arranged in this order: NAG-NAMNAG. Peptidoglycan is also known as the murein layer. made up of polymer of: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) 39. What are the two polymers connected by? NAM is connected to NAG via a beta 1,4 linkage 40. What breaks down the beta 1, 4 linkage? Lysozyme enzymes break the beta 1,4 linkage that binds NAM and NAG together. By breaking down the existing beta 1,4 linkage in the cell wall that binds NAM and NAG together 41. How do Lysozyme enzymes kill bacteria? 3 4 Prokaryotes 42. How does penicillin kill bacteria? 43. What results in Gram positive organisms when penicillin is taken? 44. What results in Gram negative organisms when penicillin is taken? 45. What happens to cells that become a protoplast or spheroplast? 46. Which Gram type bacteria has less (thinner) peptidoglycan? 47. Which Gram type bacteria have an inner and outer plasma membrane? 48. Where is the outer plasma membrane located? 49. Where is the inner plasma membrane located? 50. Which organisms have more peptidoglycan, Gram positive or Gram negative? 51. For both Gram positive and Gram negative, where does the Gram stain enter the cells? 52. Why is the iodine unable to leave the cell wall? 53. How does the Crystal Violet-Iodine complex leak out? 54. Which cells absorb safranin, Gram negative Prevents cell wall synthesis by preventing the NAMNAG beta 1,4 linkage. Although it breaks the protein bonds in the cell wall, it is NOT considered to work by inhibiting protein synthesis. Protoplast (cell wall dissolves away) Partially lose cell wall, becomes a spheroplast (round cell) Osmotic pressure occurs and the cell bursts and dies Gram negative Gram negative External to the cell wall Internal to the cell wall Gram positive The dye enters the cytoplasm of both Gram positive and Gram negative cells. The iodine forms large crystals with the dye that are too large to escape through the cell wall. Alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of the gram negative cells and leaves small holes in the thin peptidoglycan layer through which the iodine leaks. Gram negative and Gram positive both absorb safranin. or positive? 55. What applies only to gram positive cells in relation to safranin? 56. Describe the characteristics of a Glycocalyx 57. What does a Glycocalyx consist of? 58. What is the capsule made of? 59. Is a capsule neatly organized? 60. Does every bacterium have a capsule? 61. What is the purpose of a capsule? The pink color of safranin is masked by the darker purple dye previously absorbed by gram positive cells. -Outside of cell wall -Usually sticky -Extracellular polysaccharide allows cells to attach Capsule and Slime Layer Non-slimy proteins (made of polypeptides) and sugars (polysaccharides) Yes No To store nutrients and inhibit phagocytosis 4 4 Prokaryotes 62. What is a flagellum? 63. Can you see the flagella in live cells? 64. What is a flagellum made of? 65. What are the three parts of a flagellum? 66. What is needed to turn the disk, which turns the flagella? 67. What is the process of an organism sensing chemicals in the environment and moving towards or away from them? 68. What protein antigen do bacteria flagella contain? 69. In the strain of E. coli called O157.H7, what does the “O” mean, and what does the “H7” mean? Whip-like tail used for motility. Not without a special stain, which would kill the cell. However, you can see the live organism moving without the stain a protein called flagellin Filament, hook, and turning discs ATP Chemotaxis H-antigen (Flagellar Antigen) The letter “O” followed by a number indicates the type of cell wall Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the H-7 indicates the type of flagellar antigen. 70. What is the term for many flagella around the perimeter of cells? 71. What is the term for a group of flagella at one end of the cell? – 72. What is the term for one flagellum coming out of each end of the cell? 73. What is the term for a cell with only one flagellum that comes out of one end of the cell? 74. What are the three types of motility allowed by flagella? Peritricous 75. What are axial filaments? Special flagella (endoflagella) found only in spirochetes. Move in a rotational motion like a corkscrew. 76. What do the axial filaments allow the spirochete to do? 77. What does this motion allow? 78. What is an example of a spirochete? 79. What is the function of a sex pilus? 80. What are fimbrae? Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Monotrichous Run – move in straight line Tumble – roll around themselves Run and Tumble – doing both movements alternately Allows the spirochete to penetrate tissue. The bacterium that causes syphilis. It helps cells connect to each other during conjugation so they can transfer DNA from one cell to another (sexual reproduction). Hair like structures made of protein, found in bacteria. In Eukaryotes, they are called cilia 5 4 Prokaryotes 81. What is the function of fimbrae? 82. What is an example of a bacterium with fimbrae? 83. What are the three types of bacterial antigens and where on a bacterium are they found? 84. What is a CYTOPLASM? Allows bacteria to attach to host Neisseria gonorrhoeae (causes gonorrhea) 85. What consist of the cytoplasm’s watery substance? 86. What is a NUCEIOD? It is made up of 80% water and contains proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and lipids. A nuclear area (prokaryotes without nucleus) Only has one chromosome and DNA is circular instead of linear. Histones are structures Eukaryotes use to organize their DNA by wrapping around it. Prokaryotes do not have histones. Small pieces of DNA fragments which are separate from the chromosome. They may carry genes for antibiotic resistance, production of toxins, etc.Can be transferred from one bacterium to another. Plasmid DNA is used for gene manipulation and biotechnology. They are “protein factories” 10,000 ribosomes can fit in a cytoplasm They give the cytoplasm a granular appearance Streptomycin Gentamicin Erythromycin Chloramphenicol They are made of two subunits: 30S and 50S Together, they are called a 70S ribosome unit (the numbers are NOT added to get this figure). Streptomycin and Gentamycin Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol Inclusions are reserve deposits of nutrients within the cytoplasm. These nutrients can be in the form of phosphate, glycogen, starch, and lipids. Specialized resting cells formed by gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted. Clostrtidium, which causes diseases such as gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and food poisoning. 87. What are HISTONES and which cells have it/ does not have it? 88. What are PLASMIDS? 89. How do plasmids benefit humans? 90. What are 3 characteristics of RIBOSOMES? 91. Name 4 antibiotics that work by inhibiting the protein synthesis of ribosomes 92. What two subunits are ribosomes made up of? 93. The two subunits of ribosomes are called what when put together? 94. Which antibiotics attack the 30S unit? 95. Which antibiotics attack the 50S unit? 96. Describe inclusions 97. What are Endospores? 98. What is an example of a pathological organism that produces endospores? O Antigen: LPS of gram-negative H Antigen: Flagella K Antigen: Capsule The watery substance inside of the plasma membrane 6 4 Prokaryotes 99. What organisms make endospores? 100. What are characteristics of Endospores? 101. What is the function of endospores? Only Gram positive rod bacteria make endospores. They are highly durable, dehydrated cells with thick walls. They can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to toxic chemicals and radiation. 102. What effect does boiling water have on endospores? 103. How can we tell if an unknown organism is an endospore producer? 104. What is the process by which endospores are formed? 105. Is sporulation the same as reproduction? Endospores can survive in boiling water for several hours or more. Endospores require a special endospore stain to be visualized. Sporulation 106. Describe the process of sporulation 107. What is germination? 108. What triggers germination? 109. How does germination occur? 110. What are the three types of Endospores Only one cell comes from one endospore, therefore sporulation is not reproduction. The cytoplasm of the vegetative cell dries up, the cell wall ruptures, and the endospore is released into the environment The endospore returns to its vegetative state. This is triggered by a change in the environment. Water enters into the endospore, and metabolism resumes. Terminal endospore Sub-terminal endospore Central endospore 7