Download Genetics Study Guide Chapter 11, 13, 14

Chapter 11 Study Guide
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For what purpose did Gregor Mendel use pea plants?
What is the term used for offspring that result from crosses between true-breeding parents with different traits?
Why did Mendel remove the male parts from the flowers of some plants?
What is the term we use today for Mendel’s factors?
What did Mendel conclude about how traits are inherited by offspring?
What were the alleles inherited by the F1 plants in Mendel’s experiments?
What is the principle of dominance?
Why were all the offspring tall when Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants?
A pea plant that has a recessive allele for green peas and does not have a dominant allele for yellow peas will produce what
type of offspring?
What happened when Mendel allowed the tall F1 plants to self-pollinate?
Why did short plants reappear in Mendel’s F 2 generation?
What would have happened if the alleles for height had not separated in the F 1 generation?
What is the probability a coin will come up tails when it tossed?
What can the principles of probability be used for in the field of genetics?
What is the probability that an F2 plant in Mendel’s experiment would be tall?
What is the term used for an individual who has two identical alleles for a particular trait?
What would be the expected phenotypes from a cross between TT and Tt?
What does a Punnett square not show?
In a Punnett square showing Mendel’s cross between true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants how would the
genotype of the offspring compare to genotypes of the parents?
What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing each other’s
inheritance?
The 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes in the F2 generation for pea shape and pea color demonstrates which one of Mendel’s
principles?
How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY?
If a guinea pig that is heterozygous for black, short hair (BbSs) is crossed with a guinea pig that is homozygous for black hair
but heterozygous for short hair (BBSs), how many different phenotypes are their offspring expected to show?
What is the pattern of inheritance called in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that
gene?
What is the pattern of inheritance called in which a red cow crossed with a white bull produces roan offspring?
What are the possible phenotypes of offspring produced between two pink snapdragons?
To what organisms do Mendel’s principles apply?
Why did Thomas Hunt Morgan chose fruit flies for his study of genetics?
A man and a woman who are both heterozygous for normal skin pigmentation (Aa) produce an albino offspring (aa). Which
of Mendel’s principles explain why the offspring is albino?
What symbol is used to represent the number of chromosomes in a gamete?
What is an organism’s haploid number if its diploid number is 12?
How many alleles for each gene does a gamete contain?
What type of cell division produces gametes?
What is the term used for the exchange of chromosome fragments between chromatids of tetrads formed during meiosis?
During what phase of meiosis do chromosomes form tetrads?
What process does not occur to the chromosomes between meiosis I and meiosis II that allows the chromosome number to be
reduced?
What is the term that refers to the cell containing a single set of chromosomes that results from meiosis?
How do the cells resulting from meiosis genetically compare?
What is likely the reason that crossing-over rarely occurs in mitosis?
What are the structures that assort independently during meiosis?
Linked genes are always located on what single structure?
What would have happened to the phenotypic ratio for Mendel’s F 2 generation if the gene for seed color and the gene for seed
shape in pea plants were linked?
Gene maps are based on what information?
What is the relative position of two genes if they are on the same chromosome and rarely assort independently?
What are the probability two genes will be inherited together the further apart they are on the chromosome?
What is a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another?
What did Mendel conclude was passed from the P generation of tall plants to the F 1 generation?
What phenotype will an organism have if it has a dominant allele for a trait?
What does it mean when alleles segregate from each other?
What pattern of inheritance determines coat color in rabbits?
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Chapter 13 Study Guide
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What was the process used by Luther Burbank to produce over 800 varieties of plants?
List three examples of domesticated animals that have been produced by selective breeding?
What is the process called in which animals with desired traits are allowed to reproduce?
Give three examples of selective breeding practices?
What technique is used that sometimes brings together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect?
What process did Luther Burbank use to make a new line of plants?
The crossing of a donkey with a horse to get a mule is an example of what type of breeding?
How do the characteristics of a hybrid compare with those of its parents?
What is the origin of oil-eating bacteria?
What is the ultimate source of genetic variability?
What is the method used to increase diversity in populations?
Hybridization, inbreeding, and induced mutations are all processes used in what technique?
How does polyploidy instantly produce a new plant species?
What process can be used with hybridization to make selective breeding more useful?
What does the figure below show?
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Between which nucleotides is the DNA cut in the figure above?
Separation of DNA fragments occurs in what genetic engineering tool?
What is the process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms called?
What is a recombinant DNA molecule?
The process of reading the sequence of DNA provides what advantage to researchers?
What technique is used to analyze DNA in order to identify similarities and differences in the genomes of different kinds of
organisms?
On an electrophoresis gel, Band 1 is closer to the positive end of the gel than Band 2. What does this tell a biologist about
the relative rates of movement of both bands?
Reading a DNA sequence, editing a DNA sequence, and reinserting DNA into living organisms are all techniques involved in
what process?
The use of nucleotides, gels, and fluorescent dyes are important in what technique?
Suppose a restriction enzyme recognizes the eight base sequence
TTGACTAA
AACTGATT
in a double strand of DNA. Between which two nucleotides on each strand would the enzyme
have to cut to produce a fragment with sticky ends that are 7 bases long?
If two DNA samples showed an identical pattern and thickness of bands produced by gel electrophoresis what can be
concluded about the amount, fragment size, and nucleotide sequence of the two samples?
A cell takes in DNA from outside the cell during what process?
What is the name of the bacterium used to transform plant cells? What are two other methods used for transforming plant
cells?
What happens to a bacterial cell during transformation?
A plasmid, foreign gene, and recombinant DNA would be associated with what type of organism?
What are the three steps essential in producing recombinant DNA?
What type of gene is used to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid containing foreign DNA from those that don’t?
What type of gene is often used as a genetic marker in plasmids?
What occurs between foreign DNA and a host cell’s chromosomes for a transformation of a plant cell to be successful?
What must occur between the defective gene of a host cell and a normal gene from foreign DNA for a transformation to be
successful?
Suppose a bacterial culture were mixed with recombinant plasmids containing a gene for resistance to penicillin. What
would happen to the transformed bacteria if the culture were then treated with penicillin?
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What kind of techniques do scientists use to make transgenic organisms?
What are two advantages of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins?
What has been the greatest advantage of producing transgenic plants?
To produce transgenic bacteria that make insulin, what would be the first step scientists would have to do first?
What are scientists more likely to learn from transgenic animals than from transgenic bacteria or transgenic plants?
What animal did Ian Wilmut clone?
In what way is a bacterium from a bacterial colony a clone?
What kinds of cells were used to make Dolly?
Why is Dolly considered a clone?
What technique has been used to produce the variety of dog breeds that exist?
What can increase in frequency when a population of plants is exposed to radiation or certain chemicals?
How many copies of each gene exist in a polyploidy plant?
What do scientists use to determine which animal cells have been successfully transformed?
What will happen to a bacterial cell that has been transformed with a plasmid that carries a genetic marker for resistance to
the antibiotic tetracycline when the cell is exposed to tetracycline?
Chapter 14 Study Guide
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How many chromosomes are found in normal human somatic (body) cells?
What type(s) of chromosomes are shown in a karyotype?
What type(s) of genetic disorders can be shown in a karyotype?
What combinations of sex chromosomes are found in human males?
What combinations of sex chromosomes are found in human females?
What is the chance that a newborn human baby will be male?
What is the chance that a male sperm cell will have a Y chromosome?
How many copies of each gene on the X chromosome are inherited by a human female?
What does a circle represent on a pedigree chart?
What does a pedigree chart show?
What do shaded, unshaded and half-shaded symbols stand for on a pedigree chart?
What causes Huntington’s disease?
The ABO blood group is a good example of what kind of unusual pattern of inheritance?
How does a person inherit PKU?
What would be the possible offspring that might result from parents with blood types I AIA and IBIB?
What would be the possible offspring that might result from parents with blood types I Ai and IBi?
Why is it not possible for both parents of a person with Huntington’s disease to not have the disease?
What causes sickle cell disease?
What happens to the protein CFTR when a change in a single gene occurs?
What happens to the hemoglobin of a person with sickle cell disease?
What are some genetic changes that can lead to cystic fibrosis?
Why are people who are heterozygous for sickle cell disease generally healthy?
How do the sequences of human chromosomes 21 and 22 compare?
What do we call two alleles that are on the same chromosome?
Why are the long stretches of repetitive DNA in chromosomes 21 and 22 unstable sites?
Where are sex-linked genes located?
Why is colorblindness more common in males than in females?
Why is it possible for a father who is colorblind to have a colorblind son?
What forms a Barr body?
What is the result caused from the formation of a Barr body?
What types of cats (males and/or females) can have only orange spots?
What term describes the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis?
Is it not possible for a human baby to be born without an X chromosome?
What is the combination of sex chromosomes (including genetic disorders) found in human females?
What could happen to gametes if nondisjunction occurs during meiosis?
What types of chromosomes does nondisjunction involve?
How can scientists test for alleles that cause human genetic disorders?
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